Buddhist events, 1963
Buddhist events, 1963 is a crisis related to Buddhism in southern South Vietnam in 1963 . This incident is a serious political crisis caused led to religious coup overthrew the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem . This is a big dramatic events in Vietnam and internationally and have major impact during the Vietnam War as well as in the history of religious and political history of Vietnam.
Buddhist event in 1963 pulled half years to spread throughout South Vietnam. This crisis has made the government of Ngo Dinh Diem lost prestige at home and abroad. Check out the events, we can see Ngo Dinh Diem government had tried to calm discontent, addressing the aspirations of Buddhism, but still can not stabilize the situation well before the height of the struggle the Buddhist leader. Buddhism does not believe in the goodwill of the government. Every action of government were Buddhist leaders as a conspiracy against their religion. Thus the two sides failed to find common ground to resolve the crisis.
Finally Ngo Dinh Diem government chose to bring force by soldiers attacked the temples began blockading the monks and the people related to the movement of Buddhism. These actions do not end the crisis that led to the split in the government apparatus and the struggle of students - students who oppose the regime. Ngo Dinh Diem is no longer acceptable in the eyes of many social classes in South Vietnam, lost the support of the United States. Faced with that situation a number of generals in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , with the implicit consensus view of U.S. government, has made coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem ended the First Republic in southern Vietnam South.
In 1950 Head of State Bao Dai issued edict No. 10 regulate union organizing. Article 1 defines Association: " The Treaty is of two or more people contribute knowledge or agreement of a continuous force to pursue the goal is not profit sharing, as is the purpose of the international order, religious, political, charitable, scientific, literary, fine arts, recreation, youth, sports, fraternity and co-workers. ". Thus religion is considered a kind of association. This edict sets the limit for the association as follows:
Article 44 of the 10 is more fully understood as a policy of religious bias of the national authorities Vietnam. But the testimony of Major General Tran Tu Oai with the United Nations mission investigating the religious situation in Vietnam, " In fact, since the promulgation Du 10, the government only apply the terms in the document tender with the religious which the religious nature of how a society, as the activities of "Buddhist society" for example. The government has never used all that to aim any religious discrimination all "and" In Article 44 of the Du said he has a special mode will be the following provisions for the delegation of Catholic missionaries and Protestant as well as for the Ly-the-Chinese Assembly (ie the Assembly are religious or not of foreign or international). There are separate regulations for the missionary Christian Association and the United Kieu Ly the Assembly does not mean that they are privileged. purposeful contrast to gender limit the acquiring of the property of an alien and independent conservation for the country. " [2] after Ngo Dinh Diem became president was to abolish most of the edicts of the previous government [ citation needed sources ] , but remains the example of 10. This is considered by many to maintain the status of religious bias.
on 06/05/1963 (2 days before Buddha's birthday), Presidential The power sent to the provinces of 5159 requires local religious force strict implementation of government regulations on religious flag. Since this is the time of Buddha's birthday should not dare to Thua Thien province chief to implement the power of the Presidential Administration to consult with Ngo Dinh Take Advisor. Take not discriminate against Ngo Dinh Buddhism, intimate relationship with Thich Quang Tri province chief command should have passed a message to Tri Quang requirements of the Organization of Buddha's birthday just notify all credit Buddhist flag Buddhist do in the holidays, and sparking requirements in Governor for Presidential directives. But after receiving notice from the Governor, the Venerable Thich Tri Quang answer disapprove the request [4]
At night, the Venerable Thich Quang Tri's 5159 received The Presidential power to ban the religious flag . Leaders of the Buddhist Church of Vietnam in Central Tu Dam pagoda urgent meeting at 21 o'clock on the morning of 05/06/1963 to 05/07/1963 02 hours. Then the Venerable Thich Tri Quang compose three written protests of 5159 The Presidential power to send for the World Buddhist Association, Ngo Dinh Diem government, and the General Assembly of Buddhism in Vietnam in Saigon. The next day, the Provincial Government of Buddhism in Hue requested not to send three text on Tri Quang and invited to meet at the residence of Ngo Dinh Take Advisor. That afternoon (7/5), in Hue, the police authorities for forcing people into their homes to the Buddhist flag. This causes discontent for the dignitaries and Buddhists. [4]
Central Buddhist leaders and Thua Thien (Venerable pure, with the Venerable Thich Tri Quang, on Nguyen, Thien Minh, Thien Super , the Secret Show, Thanh Tri) with many monks and nuns and about 500 Buddhist to the Provincial Administrative Court to protest government actions. Mayor explained to the delegation that the police made a mistake on the order and agree to be Buddhist flag Buddhist. Then go to the car radio the news reporter inside the city government allowed Buddhist flag before 21 hours in accordance with the requirements of Buddhism. [4]
In Buddhist leaders and provincial governors are discussing, the government used water cannons disperse. The campus radio station explosion occurred two conditions worsened suddenly. The armored vehicles and soldiers began shooting. [6]
at 24 restored order. There were 8 deaths (including 7 minors from 12 to 17 years) [7] and many others wounded outside the room located in the Program and the campus radio station. Ambulance to transport the dead and wounded to the hospital. To the previous government radio announced: " The government is believed tonight Vietnamese Communist infiltration will destroy some public authorities in the city, the government has issued a curfew, so ask the people to dissolve " [4] .
Martyrs memorial event May
8, 1963 in Hue. Behind, before, the Radio Hue
In Saigon, on 09.05.1963, Director of Police (Nguyen Van Thanh) and Director of Special Police (Duong Van Hieu) to Quang Pagoda Buddhist leaders met South reassure public opinion thanks.
Deputies Nguyen Ngoc Tho system and Citizenship Minister Ngo Trong Hieu met Venerable Thich Tam Chau postponed Requiem for the victims in Hue Radio plans held on 05.12.1963. [4]
On the morning of 9 / 5/1963, Buddhists in Hue protesters accused the government of killing Christians. Thich Quang Tri and Thua Thien province chief vehicle vestry called Buddhists disbanded. [4]
On 05/10/1963, the leaders Buddhism meet at Tu Dam Pagoda , plan ways and methods to fight to protect Buddhism and social justice requires. A Declaration was drafted, raised in the Buddhist aspirations. This Declaration was sent to President Ngo Dinh Diem delegates mediated Central Highlands Central government. In aspirations include: [9] [8]
Also on 15/05/1963, delegation Vietnam Buddhist Association in collaboration with representatives of other Buddhist organizations to meet the president Ngo Dinh Diem to discuss the Declaration on 10.05.1963, and explains the aspirations of the Buddhist year. After 3 hours of discussion the President vague promises and accountability cause radio events for the communists Hue. [9] [4]
On 16/05/1963, Buddhism opening press conference at Xa Loi Pagoda, published 10.05.1963 Declaration and public opinion to denounce the crackdown, imprisoning and killing that Buddhists endured, exposing religious discrimination policies of the Ngo Dinh Diem in the period 1954-1963. [9] [4]
On 05/20/1963, a Buddhist government sent financial 45-page document which lists the crackdown, arrests and defeat. [9] [4]
On 21/05/1963, around the country held prayers for the victims in Hue. In Saigon, some 1,000 monks gathered at the ceremony for Quang Pagoda and then marched the procession of the victims of flexible Xa Loi Pagoda. Meanwhile, a group of 350 monks marched from Relic Temple on Capitol. The parade is going well. [9] [4]
On 05/25/1963, The Annex of Supplement published. The purpose of this document is to repeat as the nation's founding and building of national culture in the national history of Buddhism and clear stance of the Buddhist struggle for social justice. [9] [4]
cults have representatives present at the Xa Loi Pagoda dated 25.05.1963 published a Declaration bearing the signature of the teacher Thien Hoa, head of the South Vietnamese Sangha, a Zen monk Thien Hoa, Head of the Sangha North Vietnam in the South, Buu Chon teacher, monastic tradition Theravada Buddhist Church of Vietnam, the Zen master Lin I, Theravada monastic tradition the Church, said Master Tam Chau, Deputy Home Affairs Association Buddhism in Vietnam, Nguyen Van Hieu Layman, chairman of Theravada Buddhism in Vietnam, Vinh Vu Bao layman, the leader of the Buddhist Church in Vietnam (North Vietnam, in the South), lay Son Thai Nguyen University Buddhist Theraveda area (Vietnamese Cambodian origin) and lay Mai Life Communications, the leader of the Buddhist Association of South Vietnam. Declaration " Support full years minimum and aspirations of the most sacred Buddhist Vietnam "was written in the Declaration on 10.05.1963 and" vows to unite in the struggle with the violence and legitimate aspirations to make it ". [9] [4] [10]
On the morning of 5/30/1963, 352 monks held protests, comes from Quang Pagoda, marching headquarters of the National Assembly to meet the National Assembly and sent to the National Assembly chairman Truong Vinh Le's letter teacher Tam Chau, Chairman of Gender Relations Committee, asked Congress to determine the stance aspirations of Buddhism. [9]
Before the hunger strike, Hue Buddhist Student Union published a letter calling for students nationwide to support the struggle of Buddhism. In Saigon, Buddhist Student Union immediately responded to the call.
On 31/05/1963 all students faculty Hue University conference at Tu Dam Pagoda, propose solutions and the Government of President the aspirations of the Buddhist year, policy implementation freedom, democracy and equality, an end to the tricks used by Buddhists. Media lay Mai Tho, chairman of the South Vietnamese Buddhist texts sent to all Buddhists in South Vietnam Buddhist Association urged people to participate in fighting. The Provincial Assembly unit began working with South Vietnamese Sangha to organize local struggles in the southern provinces. [9]
In Hue, on 06/01/1963, demonstrations and hunger strikes large organizations. [9]
In Saigon and the provinces of protests and parades are held, a large monks and mass participation in a hunger strike. Quang Pagoda and temple relics are two important centers on a hunger strike in Saigon with about 800 people. [9]
Public opinion and the international press to support the struggle of Buddhism increased fighting spirit of the increase Buddhists. The Gender Commission to publish articles on news agencies and international media like BBC, VOA, AFP ... [9]
On 01/6/1963, Governor Nguyen Van Dang and Deputy Mayor of Homeland Security Si Dang was summoned to the Ministry of Home Affairs in Saigon await orders. [4]
In Hue, on 06/03/1963, police and armed forces have not blocked for the protesters to the temple. Mass sit-down way, with folded hands towards Tu Dam pagoda to pray the police used tear grenades, smoke grenades and dogs dispersed. Tri Thu teacher to intervene to disperse the protesters. Everyone on the Ben Ngu to be a police force other spicy attack with grenades and smoke grenades. [9]
On 06/04/1963 police blockaded the Tu Dam Pagoda, Bao Quoc and Linh Quang. The masses went to the temple but stopped. The crowd used the prayer sitting down the road. Spicy grenades, smoke grenades and used dogs to disperse that 142 people were injured, of which 49 seriously injured. [9]
Pursuant to the struggle of as the Xa Loi Pagoda, the An Quang, Giac Minh, from Quang, Bao Quoc Tu Dam and Linh Quang completely isolated and cut off electricity and water. At Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh, Ba Xuyen, the Buddhist organizations were forced to sign the petition supporting the government. Police intercepted and fired on the local monks and nuns from all the provinces to Saigon and from Saigon to the province. [9]
The government forces guarding and interrogating the monks who through the the intercept, search and seize all documents called for fighting. The restaurants and coffee shops in Saigon are spies. The suspects are leaders struggle being tracked. Government documents also give the Southern Liberation Front raided the temple and to slander the Buddhist meditation master and the Communists. Army and police were banned camp. [9]
In the provinces, the headquarters temple of the Buddhist Church of Vietnam and the Sangha were blocked. [9]
The light color (Superintendent security military), the government has made provocation type of Buddhist self-esteem: the policemen, secret service shaved head posing as monks walk the streets teasing women, eating obscene, tangerines money and intelligence to do the real pretext to wage propaganda smear Buddhism. [3]
The calm lasted less than a week. Recognizing the dialogue with the Inter-Ministerial Committee does not lead to concrete results while the government is quietly tightening of control measures, the Commission must order the United continue to struggle. [9]
On 11/06/1963, at the crossroads Le Van Review - Phan Dinh Phung, is 10 am, Thich Quang Duc burned himself in the full lotus position in the presence of hundreds of public and Buddhists. [9]
Picture a monk in flames High still sat cross-legged silent chest hands raised impression made great stir in the country and the world. [9]
Afternoon 6/11/1963, the government ordered a blockade of Xa Loi Pagoda in Saigon, where to move of Quang Duc teacher. Despite the police force, about 15,000 present at the Xa Loi Pagoda, which ordered the government to disperse people gathered at the Xa Loi Pagoda. [9]
For several days in a row, the public to visit the Xa Loi Pagoda genes Thich Quang Duc very crowded. Mass procession can move Quang Duc was the teacher on 06/16/1963. Buddhist leaders had planned to take this opportunity to organize a huge demonstration of solidarity. [9]
In this issue joint statement:
The government also supports the sect founded Luc Hoa Rising Drum Mountain Buddhist Association Mon. Buddhist Association is sending power to the Sri Lanka Buddhist Association, Buddhist Association denounced Vietnam is taking advantage of the Sri Lanka Buddhist Association political activities and requirements of this organization protested. Sri Lanka Buddhist Association Buddhist Association said Vietnam is not affiliated with this organization and protest the actions of religious discrimination Republic of Vietnam government. [9]
Notice No. 3 (common internal) Youth of the Republic commander by Ngo Dinh Nhu that content and form joint statement is inconsistent with the policy of the Republican Youth and contrary to existing laws and denied the right of the General system in the matter drop those arrested. [9]
On 06/26/1963, Thich Pure send a letter to President Ngo Dinh Diem to denounce the actions mentioned above are plotted against Buddhism, the main accused authorities continue to suppress Buddhism, Ngo Dinh Nhu accused the organization intends to protest the Republican Youth to ask the government to review the joint statement. [9]
On 07/07/1963, the authorities bring the participants coup on 11/11/1960 for trial in which Nguyen Tuong Tam. This is to be Buddhist to distract public opinion from the struggle of Buddhism. [9]
On 07/09/1963, the Interior Ministry issued a decree fixing the modalities 358-BNV/KS Buddhist flag teachers for Vietnam Buddhist Association. Buddhism, however the conclusion the government is creating divisions between Vietnam Buddhist Association and other Buddhist sects. [9]
on 07/11/1963. Commission to notify the Ministry of Gender Relations Committee said the Interior Ministry investigation of the massacre at Hue on 8.5.1963 by the communist cause. The government accuses Buddhist conceal the truth. [9]
On 12/07/1963, Thich pure and Buddhist leaders from sending President Ngo Dinh Diem petition asking the government to seriously implement the joint statement. [11]
On 14/07/1963, Thich Pure send a letter to President Ngo Dinh Diem announced the decision to continue to fight violence requires the strict implementation of joint communiques, and output a transparent call for nuns and believers continue to struggle on the principles of nonviolence. [9] [11]
From 15/07/1963 monks at Xa Loi Pagoda, and the Gender Relations Committee members began a hunger strike. [12]
On 07.16.1963 more than 150 monks protested ambassador home U.S. calls for the U.S. and its allies persuaded South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem government to implement the joint statement. [12]
On 07/17/1963, in 1000 by Zen Master Thich Quang led the procession from Giac Minh City but is blocked. Police blockade makes two temples on the isolated 600 people in the temple than 2 days. [12]
Also on 17.7.1963, about 400 monks marched from the Xa Loi Pagoda, Ben Thanh Market to the main requirements implement the joint statement. After the monks protest, police agree on all trucks using Xa Loi Pagoda. Instead of Xa Loi Pagoda, turn the car toward the West. The two sides struggle to police to carry all the nuns at Phu Lam Hoa Nghiem Pagoda and isolate them here. Here the government taking private information of monks and nuns and a press conference. The nuns denounce assault while on duty the monks denied the allegations of the government. Then Relations Committee to put all the Xa Loi Pagoda Buddhist monks under the escort of police cars. In this demonstration has 50 monks were arrested. [12]
The fight hunger in the form of Buddhism is very strong support from people. Many Buddhist temples volunteered to participate in a hunger strike with the monks. [12]
The New York Times published many articles unfavorable to the government of Ngo Dinh Diem. Journalist David Halberstam wrote people's government was hated, and will soon be overthrown. [12]
The Washington Post wrote on 06/19/1963: " The dispute is no longer a local fluctuation nature means anymore. Because of Ngo Dinh Diem regime closely with the United States should risk Buddhists throughout Asia will have the impression that the United States tolerate religious discrimination. But it is a wrong idea wrong but as an ally of tyranny and oppression for the United States should also be affected. " [12]
The fact that some American journalists when working at South Vietnam police violence in the media U.S. published. [12]
U.S. Senator Wayne L. Morse announced on 19/07/1963 that he does not agree to the United States to continue aid to Ngo Dinh Diem. [12]
Newspaper Le Monde wrote on 06/10/1963: " The incident happened in Hue due to the brutal persecution of the authorities, and was a good opportunity for the people's dissatisfaction outbreak. The dispute has stripped this isolation and loss of interest of a minority Catholic preferential treatment. " [13]
China in the millions of Thich Quang Duc burned himself popular in the countries of Asia and Africa with a large letter " A Buddhist monk sacrificed to American anti-imperialism Diem ". [13]
Japanese Vice Foreign Minister Shigenobu Shima contact with Republic Ambassador to Vietnam expressed concern about the events of Buddhism in Vietnam. [13]
On 30.8.1963, the Pope Phaulo VI Message: " The Pope has expressed the attention and monitoring pain tragic events or torment the people of Vietnam and the anxiety of the Pope on sharpening. Pope to pray for all people, in partnership tolerance and mutual respect in the true liberty, solidarity with each other to re-establish solidarity and fraternity. " [13]
" To clear the government's policy determination test proper and effective action joint statement and to dispel any doubt or division intrigues distort, under the proposal of the Ministry Council, I have approved:
1. Directive of the decree No. 358 dated 9 July 1963 fixing the modalities Buddhist flag. The procedures were specific to Buddhist Association will apply to any sect that all voluntarily recognized Buddhist period.
2. Commission Directive The Ministry works closely with the Buddhist delegation to investigate or resolve the investigation by the record or in place if necessary the complaints related to the performance of joint statement.
3. Directive army and people of all levels of each person in his field, in words as well as in employment, actively contribute to the implementation of the joint statement.
I hope that people recognize the national reconciliation the will of the government's ultimate problem Buddhism and I ask the people from this national objective will be to have an attitude judgment action, do not let anyone stop the advance of the new nation in the task of killing Communist National Salvation. ".
The Commission sent repeatedly rejected the proposal of the Inter-Ministerial Committee established the Joint Committee resolved aspirations of Buddhism and went on to publish the documents accused the government of violating joint statement. [12]
On 23.7.1963, held a rally of more than 100 wounded before the Xa Loi Pagoda . That afternoon the Director General Information Houses held a press conference that the organizers of the protest was dismissed and detained for 40 days. [12]
On 07/30/1963, Xa Loi Pagoda Furniture celebrated general (49 days) for teacher Quang Duc. After the ceremony, the Commission sent out The Declaration called on people to promote non-violent struggle. [12]
On 08/01/1963, a Zen purity sent telegrams to President John F. Kennedy, opposed the U.S. ambassador Frederic Nolting told UPI news agency that there was no religious discrimination and persecution of Buddhism in Vietnam. [12]
On 08/06/1963, the Committee's confidential report sent by the plan government fragmentation and isolation of Buddhism, economic blockade, fabricate evidence to prosecute leaders to destroy Buddhism Buddhist movement, known as "flood plan". On 08/07/1963, meditation purity mail report to the President about the plan and noted the President of the wicked conspiracy of those under his jurisdiction.
on 12/08/1963, girls Mai An Xa Loi Pagoda snow to cut his left hand to protest the government. [12]
On 13.8.1963, Tue 18 years teacher in Thanh Phuoc Duyen Pagoda in Huong Tra district, Thua Thien self-immolation. The masses gathered temple. Police to disperse some people were injured. Police did not give the body the temple Tu Dam Thanh Wisdom that carried away. [12]
On 13.8.1963, the Commission Ministry press conference blamed Gender Relations Committee is not working to establish Joint Commission to implement the joint statement.
On 14.08.1963, the Committee's press conference to open in Xa Loi Pagoda to explain the reasons Gender Relations Committee did not attend the Joint Commission established. Buddhist side accused the government of General Notice is only considered measures to stamp out on the funeral of Quang Duc teacher but no intention to enforce it. Stop calling Buddhist temples blockade, release of all detainees and end all acts of repression, terrorism, libelous distortions, called nuns, Buddhist self-immolation to stop. [12]
On 15/08/1963, around 1,000 students - student demonstrators in Hue to protest crackdowns before Phuoc Duyen and forced authorities to return the mobile teacher Thanh Tue. [12]
Also on 15/8 / 1963, Ven 27 self-immolation Dieu Quang Ninh Hoa district in Khanh Hoa. The body Quang Dieu nuns carried away by police. People protest in the town of Nha Trang to protest the police. More than 200 people were arrested and nearly 30 wounded. Chua Hoi Quan Duc Hai and temples were frozen and cut electricity and water for three days and nights on the 300 and Buddhist monks and isolated. [12]
On 08/16/1963, at Hue, said Master Text of Article 71 age of self-immolation at Tu Dam Pagoda. Approximately 5,000 to Tu Dam pagoda to protect the body dreary teacher. [12]
On the same day 16.08.1963, the Commission must send clear Contact denounce the cruelty of the regime in public opinion and foreign . Zen purity sent a letter to President Diem allegations of abuse of government ever to Buddhism. In the letter it says: " We have to think of the country no longer call upon the humanity and justice; how much we expect of a crime's the view like trash shall be made immediately so that we can dip die than to live an suffering and also to the Republic for the truth by the Chi Si Get The building is exposed to the fellow eye and the world. " [12]
On 18.08.1963, over 30,000 people to the temple Relic prayers for those who set themselves on fire. After Requiem, about 10,000 to continue participating in a hunger strike. [12]
Hue University Rector, Father Cao Van Luan, was sacked for advocating style Buddhist movement. Then, the Dean (Medicine, Law Faculty, Science, Education, Humanities) and 30 faculty members Hue University issued a statement from the office. All of our teachers Han Learning Institute of Hue also opposed the government statement and announced his resignation. [12]
non-cooperation movement in Hue to be comprehensive and began to develop into other areas. In addition to police forces, special forces, police and secret police, no one under the authorities of another. Ban military camp. [12]
Also on 16.08.1963, the Commission sent a telegram sent to The Secretary General of the United Nations for Buddhist organizations and countries such as Thailand, Japan, Korea , Singapore, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Taiwan and India on the status of Buddhism in Vietnam and called for support: " We sent to the free world, the foreign Buddhist organizations eager cry and sincere gratitude to all the interference, in the name of human rights, to end an abuse has become brutal. " [12]
In the Xa Loi Pagoda on August 21, two leaders of the Vietnam Buddhist Association Most Venerable Thich Pure and Venerable Thich Tam Chau was arrested [14] . Immediately after his arrest, leading the Vietnam Buddhist Association meditation purity was released on Quang Pagoda. All the people under him remains in custody. [15]
All members of the Student Union Executive Board Buddhists in Saigon and Hue were arrested at their homes. Many intellectuals and students support the struggle of Buddhism were also arrested. [12]
Morning 08/21/1963 martial law was declared in the major cities of South Vietnam. Car vestry government announced "the government has done away reactionaries." Government leaflets and effect millions everywhere. [12]
After the suppression of Buddhism, the government established the Commission to support Buddhist Federation Pure Nhat Minh by head teacher for the purpose of Buddhist images teachers are not against the government. [15]
On 21/08/1963, President Ngo Dinh Diem's cabinet meeting was to inform the nation under martial law and occupied the temple and arrested "four nuns to head." Professor Foreign Minister Vu Van Mau said protest of the government and left the meeting. Then he shaved head and from the minister of Foreign Affairs. Vu Van Mau and some university professors founded the Movement Against Dictatorship Tri Thuc. [15]
To prevent the coup, the government transferred the commander of Military Region. General Ton That Dinh from Region II to Region III. General Huynh Van Cao in Region IV. General Nguyen Khanh in Region II. General Do Cao Tri Region I. The minister is suspected of holding millions of Saigon no military positions. General Tran Van Don and Duong Van Minh as military advisers Presidential Administration. Government in strengthening defenses against Presidential coup could take place. [15]
On 8/22/1963 Dean Saigon Medical Center Performing Pham was arrested to resign. The next day, active medical students from other schools students link established Steering Committee Faculty Student Contact. The committee launched all students college texts. After several weeks, the movement spread to dump all courses in high schools nationwide. [15]
On 24.8.1963 than 3,000 students and students gathered at the Law Faculty to Saigon to Professor Vu Van Form. Student Steering Committee The Faculty was renamed the Student Steering Committee and the manifesto of Students ask the government: [15]
1 - To respect and protect religious freedom.
2 - release for the monks and Buddhists, students, current students and professors detained.
3 - The end of terrorism, torture persecute Buddhists.
4 - Clear temples, to declare freedom expression.
Following on 24/08/1963, college faculty and high school in Saigon were large police blockade. Students and student texts and motion from the professors. Students in public schools Gia Long, Trung Vuong and Vo Truong Toan meeting held at the campus. Chu Van An School students scuffled with police. About 2,000 high school students arrested in Saigon. [15]
On 25/08/1963, 300 students held demonstrations in Red Square in front of Dien Ben Thanh market while the government's orders are issued seriously. Police fire on protesters killing girls Quach Thi Trang. About 200 people were arrested. Determination Quach Thi Trang carried away by police. That afternoon issued a statement the government security forces were ordered to fire on the crowd that any public gathering without prior authorization. [15]
On the radio, the government urged parents their children do not control them simultaneously bait Communist press conference to two children 15 and 16 years for these two children identified themselves as friends instigated Communist demonstrators. [15]
Date 5/10/1963 , 37, teacher Huong Quang Province Buddhist Association of Ban Me Thuot lit himself on fire before at Ben Thanh market. [15]
On 27/10/1963, Thien My 23 year old teacher at Van Tho temple lit himself on fire before Notre Dame Cathedral in Saigon. [15]
The Diem government impotent in the struggle against communism, to discredit the country and the world distorts battered image of the free world in the global strategy against communism in the United States will inevitably have to reconsider U.S. relations with this government. August 20, 1963 the government used force to attack the next day Buddhism United States is sending a new ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge in Saigon with a completely new policy for the government of Ngo Dinh Diem. The leaders of the Army of South Vietnam to contact the disgruntled political forces and the political and U.S. intelligence to refer to a solution removes brothers - Need - Take.
On November 1st year 1963 , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam has made successful coup to overthrow the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem, killing of President Ngo Dinh Diem and Ngo Dinh Nhu adviser, then executed the trial consultant Central Ngo Take home. The coup ended the First Republic of South Vietnam.
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| Series: The Vietnam War |
|---|
| The period 1954-1959 |
| Domino Theory |
| U.S. intervention |
| North - South |
| The period 1960-1965 |
| International Developments - The South |
| Staley-Taylor plan |
| Special war |
| Coup government of Ngo Dinh Diem |
| The period 1965-1968 |
| Northern Campaigns: The Gulf of Tonkin incident Trans Arrows - thunder |
| Southern Local War Campaigns: Campaigns Find-Removal of the Phoenix - the Tet Offensive, 1968 |
| International Developments |
| The period 1968-1972 |
| International Developments |
| Vietnam of the war |
| Paris Conference |
| Paris Agreement |
| Campaign: Lam Son 719 - War Department in 1972 - Summer 1972 - Linebacker - Linebacker II |
| The period 1973-1975 |
| Campaigns: Spring 1975 Phuoc Long |
| Highlands
- Hue - Da Nang Phan Rang - Xuan Loc |
| Ho Chi Minh City |
| Spratlys and the South China Sea islands |
| Events April 30, 1975 |
| Consequences of War |
| Agent Orange |
| Boat people |
| suatieu the |
Buddhist events, 1963 is a crisis related to Buddhism in southern South Vietnam in 1963 . This incident is a serious political crisis caused led to religious coup overthrew the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem . This is a big dramatic events in Vietnam and internationally and have major impact during the Vietnam War as well as in the history of religious and political history of Vietnam.
Buddhist event in 1963 pulled half years to spread throughout South Vietnam. This crisis has made the government of Ngo Dinh Diem lost prestige at home and abroad. Check out the events, we can see Ngo Dinh Diem government had tried to calm discontent, addressing the aspirations of Buddhism, but still can not stabilize the situation well before the height of the struggle the Buddhist leader. Buddhism does not believe in the goodwill of the government. Every action of government were Buddhist leaders as a conspiracy against their religion. Thus the two sides failed to find common ground to resolve the crisis.
Finally Ngo Dinh Diem government chose to bring force by soldiers attacked the temples began blockading the monks and the people related to the movement of Buddhism. These actions do not end the crisis that led to the split in the government apparatus and the struggle of students - students who oppose the regime. Ngo Dinh Diem is no longer acceptable in the eyes of many social classes in South Vietnam, lost the support of the United States. Faced with that situation a number of generals in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , with the implicit consensus view of U.S. government, has made coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem ended the First Republic in southern Vietnam South.
Example of 10
Before the Buddha's birthday event, in Vietnam was the perception that the French government protection, the National Vietnam's religious policy bias was later succeeded the Republic of Vietnam. This contributed to religious conflicts inherent high. Vesak 1963 event was the outbreak of the conflict because of religious reasons accumulation in the heart of society, and especially being pushed to extreme levels during the government of Ngo Dinh Diem, from 1954 to in 1963 .In 1950 Head of State Bao Dai issued edict No. 10 regulate union organizing. Article 1 defines Association: " The Treaty is of two or more people contribute knowledge or agreement of a continuous force to pursue the goal is not profit sharing, as is the purpose of the international order, religious, political, charitable, scientific, literary, fine arts, recreation, youth, sports, fraternity and co-workers. ". Thus religion is considered a kind of association. This edict sets the limit for the association as follows:
- General Minister of the Interior, if the national associations operating in or outside the realm part of Vietnam or the Premier, if the Assembly only works in the realm part of Vietnam, has not denied the right to form associations that do not allow Needless to say why. Then allowed to go because the left may denounce the charter or token security. (Article 7)
- No meeting has the right to receive government grants, local funds, funds of provincial and communal funds, except for the meeting of science, fine arts, recreation, charity, youth and sport (Article 14 )
- The Assembly only has the right to possess, create sales, management, stand as the owner of the property it is necessary to achieve the purpose of the Assembly (Article 14)
- The persons concerned and prosecutors have the right to cancel the court sale of real estate creating inconsistent with this. Real estate would be auctioned and how much money will supplement the funds Assembly (Article 14)
Article 44 of the 10 is more fully understood as a policy of religious bias of the national authorities Vietnam. But the testimony of Major General Tran Tu Oai with the United Nations mission investigating the religious situation in Vietnam, " In fact, since the promulgation Du 10, the government only apply the terms in the document tender with the religious which the religious nature of how a society, as the activities of "Buddhist society" for example. The government has never used all that to aim any religious discrimination all "and" In Article 44 of the Du said he has a special mode will be the following provisions for the delegation of Catholic missionaries and Protestant as well as for the Ly-the-Chinese Assembly (ie the Assembly are religious or not of foreign or international). There are separate regulations for the missionary Christian Association and the United Kieu Ly the Assembly does not mean that they are privileged. purposeful contrast to gender limit the acquiring of the property of an alien and independent conservation for the country. " [2] after Ngo Dinh Diem became president was to abolish most of the edicts of the previous government [ citation needed sources ] , but remains the example of 10. This is considered by many to maintain the status of religious bias.
Buddha's Birthday Event 1963
Conflict between the government and Buddhism from the public correspondence of 5159
Ngo Dinh Diem government regulation of religious flags hanging outside the campus are not religious institutions (churches, temples, shrines ...) but all religions are not strictly complied with this provision. Before the Buddha's birthday event, the government has no problem with regards to the religious flag of violating the regulations. [3]on 06/05/1963 (2 days before Buddha's birthday), Presidential The power sent to the provinces of 5159 requires local religious force strict implementation of government regulations on religious flag. Since this is the time of Buddha's birthday should not dare to Thua Thien province chief to implement the power of the Presidential Administration to consult with Ngo Dinh Take Advisor. Take not discriminate against Ngo Dinh Buddhism, intimate relationship with Thich Quang Tri province chief command should have passed a message to Tri Quang requirements of the Organization of Buddha's birthday just notify all credit Buddhist flag Buddhist do in the holidays, and sparking requirements in Governor for Presidential directives. But after receiving notice from the Governor, the Venerable Thich Tri Quang answer disapprove the request [4]
At night, the Venerable Thich Quang Tri's 5159 received The Presidential power to ban the religious flag . Leaders of the Buddhist Church of Vietnam in Central Tu Dam pagoda urgent meeting at 21 o'clock on the morning of 05/06/1963 to 05/07/1963 02 hours. Then the Venerable Thich Tri Quang compose three written protests of 5159 The Presidential power to send for the World Buddhist Association, Ngo Dinh Diem government, and the General Assembly of Buddhism in Vietnam in Saigon. The next day, the Provincial Government of Buddhism in Hue requested not to send three text on Tri Quang and invited to meet at the residence of Ngo Dinh Take Advisor. That afternoon (7/5), in Hue, the police authorities for forcing people into their homes to the Buddhist flag. This causes discontent for the dignitaries and Buddhists. [4]
Central Buddhist leaders and Thua Thien (Venerable pure, with the Venerable Thich Tri Quang, on Nguyen, Thien Minh, Thien Super , the Secret Show, Thanh Tri) with many monks and nuns and about 500 Buddhist to the Provincial Administrative Court to protest government actions. Mayor explained to the delegation that the police made a mistake on the order and agree to be Buddhist flag Buddhist. Then go to the car radio the news reporter inside the city government allowed Buddhist flag before 21 hours in accordance with the requirements of Buddhism. [4]
Buddha's Birthday on 05/08/1963
However, Leaders of the Central Buddhist Church has decided to continue struggling with Ngo Dinh Diem on Vesak Day 8/5. Fighting strategies include administration [4] :- Violence.
- Protest the injustice of religion.
- Not against the government.
- Not anti-Christian.
- Freedom of religion Buddhism.
- Religious equality.
Radio events in Hue
05/08/1963 evening crowd gathered in front of Buddhist Hue radio waiting to hear the speech of the Venerable Thich Tri Quang was recorded. Radio gave up the speech. At 21 hours the number of people gathered at Hue radio up to about 6,000 people [6] . Then the Venerable Tri Quang, the Secret Prayer, the Secret Show and Germany Center to the radio to ask why not broadcast the speech. Mayor Thua Thien also to radio for dialogue with the Buddhist dignitaries.In Buddhist leaders and provincial governors are discussing, the government used water cannons disperse. The campus radio station explosion occurred two conditions worsened suddenly. The armored vehicles and soldiers began shooting. [6]
at 24 restored order. There were 8 deaths (including 7 minors from 12 to 17 years) [7] and many others wounded outside the room located in the Program and the campus radio station. Ambulance to transport the dead and wounded to the hospital. To the previous government radio announced: " The government is believed tonight Vietnamese Communist infiltration will destroy some public authorities in the city, the government has issued a curfew, so ask the people to dissolve " [4] .
The reaction of the people and Government of the events in the radio
After the incident in Radio Hue, on 05/09/1963, Thua Thien administrative court issued a statement " While the government representative and chairman of the Venerable Buddhist Central is discussing how to deal meet the request of the Buddhists, the enemy had crept into the crowd intrusion Radio, smashing windows, throwing rocks and explosives at Radio ceiling collapsed, breaking several windows killed seven people and wounding a fellow with five soldiers are tasked to keep order at the Radio. ". [8] But the Buddhists believe that the government troops killed eight people Hue at night radio 05.08.1963. [9] The culprit in the death of eight people are still unclear but it has caused extreme indignation among Buddhist and other social strata.In Saigon, on 09.05.1963, Director of Police (Nguyen Van Thanh) and Director of Special Police (Duong Van Hieu) to Quang Pagoda Buddhist leaders met South reassure public opinion thanks.
Deputies Nguyen Ngoc Tho system and Citizenship Minister Ngo Trong Hieu met Venerable Thich Tam Chau postponed Requiem for the victims in Hue Radio plans held on 05.12.1963. [4]
On the morning of 9 / 5/1963, Buddhists in Hue protesters accused the government of killing Christians. Thich Quang Tri and Thua Thien province chief vehicle vestry called Buddhists disbanded. [4]
The struggle of Buddhism after Buddha's Birthday
Declaration on 05.10.1963
On the afternoon of 09.05.1963, the General Office The Sangha Tri VIETNAM received reports about the incident in Hue nights radio 8/5/63, by Buddhism Central delivered. The total value of the central church immediately convene an emergency meeting at 19 pm the same day and the decision to send that letter to President Ngo Dinh Diem protest flag banned Buddhism and Buddhist repression night 8/5 / 1963; organization Requiem for the victims at the radio station and then pick the plaque from Hue Quang Pagoda to Xa Loi Pagoda on 05.21.1963. [8]On 05/10/1963, the leaders Buddhism meet at Tu Dam Pagoda , plan ways and methods to fight to protect Buddhism and social justice requires. A Declaration was drafted, raised in the Buddhist aspirations. This Declaration was sent to President Ngo Dinh Diem delegates mediated Central Highlands Central government. In aspirations include: [9] [8]
- Ask the Republic of Vietnam government revoke the power permanently banned religious flags in public places.
- Ask a Buddhist to enjoy a special regime as the Catholic missionaries have been inscribed in the Dao instance number 10.
- Require the government to halt arrests and persecution of Buddhists.
- Requirements for Buddhist monks and nuns are free to practice their religion and missionaries.
- Government requirements for adequate compensation of innocent people died unfairly and instigators to murder trial.
Also on 15/05/1963, delegation Vietnam Buddhist Association in collaboration with representatives of other Buddhist organizations to meet the president Ngo Dinh Diem to discuss the Declaration on 10.05.1963, and explains the aspirations of the Buddhist year. After 3 hours of discussion the President vague promises and accountability cause radio events for the communists Hue. [9] [4]
On 16/05/1963, Buddhism opening press conference at Xa Loi Pagoda, published 10.05.1963 Declaration and public opinion to denounce the crackdown, imprisoning and killing that Buddhists endured, exposing religious discrimination policies of the Ngo Dinh Diem in the period 1954-1963. [9] [4]
Requiem spiritual and the procession of the victims in Hue
On 05/17/1963, Buddhist images for display events on the night radio Hue Vesak in Quang Pagoda (Saigon). [4]On 05/20/1963, a Buddhist government sent financial 45-page document which lists the crackdown, arrests and defeat. [9] [4]
On 21/05/1963, around the country held prayers for the victims in Hue. In Saigon, some 1,000 monks gathered at the ceremony for Quang Pagoda and then marched the procession of the victims of flexible Xa Loi Pagoda. Meanwhile, a group of 350 monks marched from Relic Temple on Capitol. The parade is going well. [9] [4]
Appendix of the Declaration on 05.10.1963
On 05/23/1963, at Tu Dam Pagoda, a version of the Declaration of 10.05.1963 Annex is published, clearly explained in the above expectations. Contents of this Appendix are: [9] [8]- Vietnam Buddhism does not advocate overthrow of the government to bring his people to replace but to change government policies.
- Vietnam Buddhist Sangha have no enemies, not who is the enemy. The object of the struggle is not absolute but rather Catholic religious policies of injustice.
- The struggle of Buddhists for religious equality is placed within the framework of social justice ideals.
- The struggle of Buddhists is done in the way of nonviolence.
- Buddhism in Vietnam would not accept anyone's advantage in the struggle for religious equality and social justice.
On 05/25/1963, The Annex of Supplement published. The purpose of this document is to repeat as the nation's founding and building of national culture in the national history of Buddhism and clear stance of the Buddhist struggle for social justice. [9] [4]
Buddhist sect established the Committee's
On 05/25/1963, meditation purity convened a meeting at the Xa Loi Pagoda 10 denominations, associations of the Vietnam Buddhist Association and representatives of organizations and other Buddhist sects like the Church Highlands Shui, meditation, Gaya, Theravada etc. ... Church to discuss plans to fight. A Contact Committee to protect Buddhism was established to direct the movement of Buddhism by Thich Tam Chau as Chairman under the supreme leader of Zen purity. [9] [4] [10 ]cults have representatives present at the Xa Loi Pagoda dated 25.05.1963 published a Declaration bearing the signature of the teacher Thien Hoa, head of the South Vietnamese Sangha, a Zen monk Thien Hoa, Head of the Sangha North Vietnam in the South, Buu Chon teacher, monastic tradition Theravada Buddhist Church of Vietnam, the Zen master Lin I, Theravada monastic tradition the Church, said Master Tam Chau, Deputy Home Affairs Association Buddhism in Vietnam, Nguyen Van Hieu Layman, chairman of Theravada Buddhism in Vietnam, Vinh Vu Bao layman, the leader of the Buddhist Church in Vietnam (North Vietnam, in the South), lay Son Thai Nguyen University Buddhist Theraveda area (Vietnamese Cambodian origin) and lay Mai Life Communications, the leader of the Buddhist Association of South Vietnam. Declaration " Support full years minimum and aspirations of the most sacred Buddhist Vietnam "was written in the Declaration on 10.05.1963 and" vows to unite in the struggle with the violence and legitimate aspirations to make it ". [9] [4] [10]
Buddhist demonstrations and hunger strikes
On 5/26/1963, a Buddhist delegation to the Presidential Appendix of the original Declaration nuns 05.10.1963 and notified the South will be on hunger strike for 48 hours from the date of 05.30.1963 in meditation instruction of purity requires the government to meet the 5 in the Appendix aspirations. [9]On the morning of 5/30/1963, 352 monks held protests, comes from Quang Pagoda, marching headquarters of the National Assembly to meet the National Assembly and sent to the National Assembly chairman Truong Vinh Le's letter teacher Tam Chau, Chairman of Gender Relations Committee, asked Congress to determine the stance aspirations of Buddhism. [9]
Before the hunger strike, Hue Buddhist Student Union published a letter calling for students nationwide to support the struggle of Buddhism. In Saigon, Buddhist Student Union immediately responded to the call.
On 31/05/1963 all students faculty Hue University conference at Tu Dam Pagoda, propose solutions and the Government of President the aspirations of the Buddhist year, policy implementation freedom, democracy and equality, an end to the tricks used by Buddhists. Media lay Mai Tho, chairman of the South Vietnamese Buddhist texts sent to all Buddhists in South Vietnam Buddhist Association urged people to participate in fighting. The Provincial Assembly unit began working with South Vietnamese Sangha to organize local struggles in the southern provinces. [9]
In Hue, on 06/01/1963, demonstrations and hunger strikes large organizations. [9]
In Saigon and the provinces of protests and parades are held, a large monks and mass participation in a hunger strike. Quang Pagoda and temple relics are two important centers on a hunger strike in Saigon with about 800 people. [9]
Public opinion and the international press to support the struggle of Buddhism increased fighting spirit of the increase Buddhists. The Gender Commission to publish articles on news agencies and international media like BBC, VOA, AFP ... [9]
The countermeasures of the government
Dealing Buddhist protests, hunger strikes
In Saigon, on 05/30/1963 the police and security agents surrounded the Xa Loi Pagoda in Saigon and the Tu Dam Pagoda, Bao Quoc and Linh Quang Hue. [9]On 01/6/1963, Governor Nguyen Van Dang and Deputy Mayor of Homeland Security Si Dang was summoned to the Ministry of Home Affairs in Saigon await orders. [4]
In Hue, on 06/03/1963, police and armed forces have not blocked for the protesters to the temple. Mass sit-down way, with folded hands towards Tu Dam pagoda to pray the police used tear grenades, smoke grenades and dogs dispersed. Tri Thu teacher to intervene to disperse the protesters. Everyone on the Ben Ngu to be a police force other spicy attack with grenades and smoke grenades. [9]
On 06/04/1963 police blockaded the Tu Dam Pagoda, Bao Quoc and Linh Quang. The masses went to the temple but stopped. The crowd used the prayer sitting down the road. Spicy grenades, smoke grenades and used dogs to disperse that 142 people were injured, of which 49 seriously injured. [9]
Pursuant to the struggle of as the Xa Loi Pagoda, the An Quang, Giac Minh, from Quang, Bao Quoc Tu Dam and Linh Quang completely isolated and cut off electricity and water. At Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh, Ba Xuyen, the Buddhist organizations were forced to sign the petition supporting the government. Police intercepted and fired on the local monks and nuns from all the provinces to Saigon and from Saigon to the province. [9]
The government forces guarding and interrogating the monks who through the the intercept, search and seize all documents called for fighting. The restaurants and coffee shops in Saigon are spies. The suspects are leaders struggle being tracked. Government documents also give the Southern Liberation Front raided the temple and to slander the Buddhist meditation master and the Communists. Army and police were banned camp. [9]
In the provinces, the headquarters temple of the Buddhist Church of Vietnam and the Sangha were blocked. [9]
The light color (Superintendent security military), the government has made provocation type of Buddhist self-esteem: the policemen, secret service shaved head posing as monks walk the streets teasing women, eating obscene, tangerines money and intelligence to do the real pretext to wage propaganda smear Buddhism. [3]
Establishment of Inter-Ministerial Committee
On 04.06.1963, Diem government established the Inter-Ministerial Committee for study and address the aspirations of Buddhism, by Vice President Nguyen Ngoc Tho head. Committee's composition comprising: [4]- Vice President Nguyen Ngoc Tho
- Minister of Home Affairs Tran Van Luong
- Minister Nguyen Dinh Thuan Presidential
The calm lasted less than a week. Recognizing the dialogue with the Inter-Ministerial Committee does not lead to concrete results while the government is quietly tightening of control measures, the Commission must order the United continue to struggle. [9]
Thich Quang Duc burned himself
On 27/05/1963, Thich Quang Duc 67, abbot of Guan Yin (Gia Dinh) wrote a letter to the National Sangha voluntary self-immolation. Petitions were rejected church. Yet he remained determined to make wishes. On the morning of 6/11/1963, before self-immolation, he wrote a letter petitions Blood Center , speaks and his aspirations. [9]On 11/06/1963, at the crossroads Le Van Review - Phan Dinh Phung, is 10 am, Thich Quang Duc burned himself in the full lotus position in the presence of hundreds of public and Buddhists. [9]
Picture a monk in flames High still sat cross-legged silent chest hands raised impression made great stir in the country and the world. [9]
Afternoon 6/11/1963, the government ordered a blockade of Xa Loi Pagoda in Saigon, where to move of Quang Duc teacher. Despite the police force, about 15,000 present at the Xa Loi Pagoda, which ordered the government to disperse people gathered at the Xa Loi Pagoda. [9]
For several days in a row, the public to visit the Xa Loi Pagoda genes Thich Quang Duc very crowded. Mass procession can move Quang Duc was the teacher on 06/16/1963. Buddhist leaders had planned to take this opportunity to organize a huge demonstration of solidarity. [9]
Joint statement
Under the direction of President Ngo Dinh Diem, the administration proposed Gender Relations Committee and the Committee on the Ministry of negotiations to resolve the aspirations of Buddhism. Contact the Commission delegation led by Vice President Nguyen Ngoc Tho, head of delegation and delegation by the Commission Contact Sex Thien Minh teacher to lead the group from meeting on 6/14/1963 to 2 am on 16/06/1963. After 30 hours, the two delegations to the joint statement with the approval of the Chairman of the Vietnam Buddhist Association Zen purity and President Ngo Dinh Diem. [9]In this issue joint statement:
- Regarding the modalities prescribed national flag and the Buddhist flag: flag Buddhist allowed in public but must be accompanied by the national flag. When two flags hung together, Buddhist flags must be hoisted on the left and by two thirds the national flag. In the temple and is allowed only from the Buddhist flag.
- On the example of 10: to separate the religion from example 10. religions will be governed by a law passed by Congress in late 1963 or early 1964. Pending the promulgation of this Act, the authorities will not apply strict example of 10, whereas Buddhism also avoid violating the law.
- Regarding the arrest and imprisonment of Buddhists: Government to establish review boards to investigate all complaints of Buddhism. Those related to the struggle of Buddhism will be released. Government will issue the correct commands to the implementation level.
- Freedom of teachers and missionaries: the purely religious activities and frequently do not occur in public places without permission, in public activities must be permitted. Creating favorable conditions for Buddhist temple construction.
- Responsibility and government assistance: the officials responsible in the event of Buddha's birthday on 08.05.1963 will be punished severely if they really to blame. The victim's family in Hue has been timely for government assistance and can help more.
The government's action
On 18.06.1963, the Office of the President to send confidential e 1432/VP/TT for those who are responsible for ordering the temporary concessions Buddhist movement, preparing public opinion to counter attack and purge employees of state support for Buddhism. A copy of the secret power fell into the hands of the Gender Relations Committee. [9]The government also supports the sect founded Luc Hoa Rising Drum Mountain Buddhist Association Mon. Buddhist Association is sending power to the Sri Lanka Buddhist Association, Buddhist Association denounced Vietnam is taking advantage of the Sri Lanka Buddhist Association political activities and requirements of this organization protested. Sri Lanka Buddhist Association Buddhist Association said Vietnam is not affiliated with this organization and protest the actions of religious discrimination Republic of Vietnam government. [9]
Notice No. 3 (common internal) Youth of the Republic commander by Ngo Dinh Nhu that content and form joint statement is inconsistent with the policy of the Republican Youth and contrary to existing laws and denied the right of the General system in the matter drop those arrested. [9]
On 06/26/1963, Thich Pure send a letter to President Ngo Dinh Diem to denounce the actions mentioned above are plotted against Buddhism, the main accused authorities continue to suppress Buddhism, Ngo Dinh Nhu accused the organization intends to protest the Republican Youth to ask the government to review the joint statement. [9]
On 07/07/1963, the authorities bring the participants coup on 11/11/1960 for trial in which Nguyen Tuong Tam. This is to be Buddhist to distract public opinion from the struggle of Buddhism. [9]
On 07/09/1963, the Interior Ministry issued a decree fixing the modalities 358-BNV/KS Buddhist flag teachers for Vietnam Buddhist Association. Buddhism, however the conclusion the government is creating divisions between Vietnam Buddhist Association and other Buddhist sects. [9]
on 07/11/1963. Commission to notify the Ministry of Gender Relations Committee said the Interior Ministry investigation of the massacre at Hue on 8.5.1963 by the communist cause. The government accuses Buddhist conceal the truth. [9]
Buddhist struggle for implementation of joint statement
Commission to denounce local authorities are implicitly against the joint statement is executed Contact the Commission denied the allegations. [9] [11]On 12/07/1963, Thich pure and Buddhist leaders from sending President Ngo Dinh Diem petition asking the government to seriously implement the joint statement. [11]
On 14/07/1963, Thich Pure send a letter to President Ngo Dinh Diem announced the decision to continue to fight violence requires the strict implementation of joint communiques, and output a transparent call for nuns and believers continue to struggle on the principles of nonviolence. [9] [11]
From 15/07/1963 monks at Xa Loi Pagoda, and the Gender Relations Committee members began a hunger strike. [12]
On 07.16.1963 more than 150 monks protested ambassador home U.S. calls for the U.S. and its allies persuaded South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem government to implement the joint statement. [12]
On 07/17/1963, in 1000 by Zen Master Thich Quang led the procession from Giac Minh City but is blocked. Police blockade makes two temples on the isolated 600 people in the temple than 2 days. [12]
Also on 17.7.1963, about 400 monks marched from the Xa Loi Pagoda, Ben Thanh Market to the main requirements implement the joint statement. After the monks protest, police agree on all trucks using Xa Loi Pagoda. Instead of Xa Loi Pagoda, turn the car toward the West. The two sides struggle to police to carry all the nuns at Phu Lam Hoa Nghiem Pagoda and isolate them here. Here the government taking private information of monks and nuns and a press conference. The nuns denounce assault while on duty the monks denied the allegations of the government. Then Relations Committee to put all the Xa Loi Pagoda Buddhist monks under the escort of police cars. In this demonstration has 50 monks were arrested. [12]
The fight hunger in the form of Buddhism is very strong support from people. Many Buddhist temples volunteered to participate in a hunger strike with the monks. [12]
International opinion
The Buddhist thoroughly abusing the power of the media at home and abroad to create public opinion and to contact the embassy to call for foreign countries to pressure the government of Ngo Dinh Diem, support struggle of Buddhism. The international media agencies fully posted on the struggle of Buddhism. American press has created major U.S. public opinion that the U.S. government to reconsider relations with the government of Ngo Dinh Diem. [12]The New York Times published many articles unfavorable to the government of Ngo Dinh Diem. Journalist David Halberstam wrote people's government was hated, and will soon be overthrown. [12]
The Washington Post wrote on 06/19/1963: " The dispute is no longer a local fluctuation nature means anymore. Because of Ngo Dinh Diem regime closely with the United States should risk Buddhists throughout Asia will have the impression that the United States tolerate religious discrimination. But it is a wrong idea wrong but as an ally of tyranny and oppression for the United States should also be affected. " [12]
The fact that some American journalists when working at South Vietnam police violence in the media U.S. published. [12]
U.S. Senator Wayne L. Morse announced on 19/07/1963 that he does not agree to the United States to continue aid to Ngo Dinh Diem. [12]
Newspaper Le Monde wrote on 06/10/1963: " The incident happened in Hue due to the brutal persecution of the authorities, and was a good opportunity for the people's dissatisfaction outbreak. The dispute has stripped this isolation and loss of interest of a minority Catholic preferential treatment. " [13]
China in the millions of Thich Quang Duc burned himself popular in the countries of Asia and Africa with a large letter " A Buddhist monk sacrificed to American anti-imperialism Diem ". [13]
Japanese Vice Foreign Minister Shigenobu Shima contact with Republic Ambassador to Vietnam expressed concern about the events of Buddhism in Vietnam. [13]
On 30.8.1963, the Pope Phaulo VI Message: " The Pope has expressed the attention and monitoring pain tragic events or torment the people of Vietnam and the anxiety of the Pope on sharpening. Pope to pray for all people, in partnership tolerance and mutual respect in the true liberty, solidarity with each other to re-establish solidarity and fraternity. " [13]
President Ngo Dinh Diem called for reconciliation
To stabilize the situation, on 18/07/1963, President Ngo Dinh Diem out radio messages are played back several times with the following contents: [12]" To clear the government's policy determination test proper and effective action joint statement and to dispel any doubt or division intrigues distort, under the proposal of the Ministry Council, I have approved:
1. Directive of the decree No. 358 dated 9 July 1963 fixing the modalities Buddhist flag. The procedures were specific to Buddhist Association will apply to any sect that all voluntarily recognized Buddhist period.
2. Commission Directive The Ministry works closely with the Buddhist delegation to investigate or resolve the investigation by the record or in place if necessary the complaints related to the performance of joint statement.
3. Directive army and people of all levels of each person in his field, in words as well as in employment, actively contribute to the implementation of the joint statement.
I hope that people recognize the national reconciliation the will of the government's ultimate problem Buddhism and I ask the people from this national objective will be to have an attitude judgment action, do not let anyone stop the advance of the new nation in the task of killing Communist National Salvation. ".
Buddhism does not accept mediation
Buddhism Committee's call for stepping up fight
On 7/19/1963, said Master Tam Chau send recorded messages of President Ngo Dinh Diem and ask the President to release all those who are in government custody, compensation for victims in radio Hue and end blockade Quang Pagoda and Giac Minh. After this is done, Buddhism accept reconciliation and cooperation with the authorities. [12]The Commission sent repeatedly rejected the proposal of the Inter-Ministerial Committee established the Joint Committee resolved aspirations of Buddhism and went on to publish the documents accused the government of violating joint statement. [12]
On 23.7.1963, held a rally of more than 100 wounded before the Xa Loi Pagoda . That afternoon the Director General Information Houses held a press conference that the organizers of the protest was dismissed and detained for 40 days. [12]
On 07/30/1963, Xa Loi Pagoda Furniture celebrated general (49 days) for teacher Quang Duc. After the ceremony, the Commission sent out The Declaration called on people to promote non-violent struggle. [12]
On 08/01/1963, a Zen purity sent telegrams to President John F. Kennedy, opposed the U.S. ambassador Frederic Nolting told UPI news agency that there was no religious discrimination and persecution of Buddhism in Vietnam. [12]
Monks, nuns, Buddhist self-immolation and self hand tight
On 4/8/1963, said Master Nguyen Huong lit himself on fire 23 not tell anyone at the station in Binh Thuan soldiers. [12]On 08/06/1963, the Committee's confidential report sent by the plan government fragmentation and isolation of Buddhism, economic blockade, fabricate evidence to prosecute leaders to destroy Buddhism Buddhist movement, known as "flood plan". On 08/07/1963, meditation purity mail report to the President about the plan and noted the President of the wicked conspiracy of those under his jurisdiction.
on 12/08/1963, girls Mai An Xa Loi Pagoda snow to cut his left hand to protest the government. [12]
On 13.8.1963, Tue 18 years teacher in Thanh Phuoc Duyen Pagoda in Huong Tra district, Thua Thien self-immolation. The masses gathered temple. Police to disperse some people were injured. Police did not give the body the temple Tu Dam Thanh Wisdom that carried away. [12]
On 13.8.1963, the Commission Ministry press conference blamed Gender Relations Committee is not working to establish Joint Commission to implement the joint statement.
On 14.08.1963, the Committee's press conference to open in Xa Loi Pagoda to explain the reasons Gender Relations Committee did not attend the Joint Commission established. Buddhist side accused the government of General Notice is only considered measures to stamp out on the funeral of Quang Duc teacher but no intention to enforce it. Stop calling Buddhist temples blockade, release of all detainees and end all acts of repression, terrorism, libelous distortions, called nuns, Buddhist self-immolation to stop. [12]
On 15/08/1963, around 1,000 students - student demonstrators in Hue to protest crackdowns before Phuoc Duyen and forced authorities to return the mobile teacher Thanh Tue. [12]
Also on 15/8 / 1963, Ven 27 self-immolation Dieu Quang Ninh Hoa district in Khanh Hoa. The body Quang Dieu nuns carried away by police. People protest in the town of Nha Trang to protest the police. More than 200 people were arrested and nearly 30 wounded. Chua Hoi Quan Duc Hai and temples were frozen and cut electricity and water for three days and nights on the 300 and Buddhist monks and isolated. [12]
On 08/16/1963, at Hue, said Master Text of Article 71 age of self-immolation at Tu Dam Pagoda. Approximately 5,000 to Tu Dam pagoda to protect the body dreary teacher. [12]
On the same day 16.08.1963, the Commission must send clear Contact denounce the cruelty of the regime in public opinion and foreign . Zen purity sent a letter to President Diem allegations of abuse of government ever to Buddhism. In the letter it says: " We have to think of the country no longer call upon the humanity and justice; how much we expect of a crime's the view like trash shall be made immediately so that we can dip die than to live an suffering and also to the Republic for the truth by the Chi Si Get The building is exposed to the fellow eye and the world. " [12]
On 18.08.1963, over 30,000 people to the temple Relic prayers for those who set themselves on fire. After Requiem, about 10,000 to continue participating in a hunger strike. [12]
Public response to the struggle of Buddhism
On 08/16/1963, at Hue, all markets, schools, companies, factories and offices invariably follow a general strike call by Buddhist leaders. The city government issued a curfew and martial law across the board. All the major temples were blocked, thousands of people isolated in the Linh Quang Pagoda, Tu Dam and Noble. [12]Hue University Rector, Father Cao Van Luan, was sacked for advocating style Buddhist movement. Then, the Dean (Medicine, Law Faculty, Science, Education, Humanities) and 30 faculty members Hue University issued a statement from the office. All of our teachers Han Learning Institute of Hue also opposed the government statement and announced his resignation. [12]
non-cooperation movement in Hue to be comprehensive and began to develop into other areas. In addition to police forces, special forces, police and secret police, no one under the authorities of another. Ban military camp. [12]
Also on 16.08.1963, the Commission sent a telegram sent to The Secretary General of the United Nations for Buddhist organizations and countries such as Thailand, Japan, Korea , Singapore, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Taiwan and India on the status of Buddhism in Vietnam and called for support: " We sent to the free world, the foreign Buddhist organizations eager cry and sincere gratitude to all the interference, in the name of human rights, to end an abuse has become brutal. " [12]
Government repression of Buddhism
On August 20 , 1963, the government mobilized the police, army and special forces simultaneously attacked the central temple in Saigon and Hue is the Quang Pagoda, Relic, From Dam, Noble Truths, the Spirit Optical and other major temples as a basis for the struggle of Buddhism across the country, firing corrupt the Buddha, monks arrested 1400 General Assembly and other Buddhist leaders of Vietnam and the EU Commission sent, using barbed wire front of the temple for Buddhists not to. [12]In the Xa Loi Pagoda on August 21, two leaders of the Vietnam Buddhist Association Most Venerable Thich Pure and Venerable Thich Tam Chau was arrested [14] . Immediately after his arrest, leading the Vietnam Buddhist Association meditation purity was released on Quang Pagoda. All the people under him remains in custody. [15]
All members of the Student Union Executive Board Buddhists in Saigon and Hue were arrested at their homes. Many intellectuals and students support the struggle of Buddhism were also arrested. [12]
Morning 08/21/1963 martial law was declared in the major cities of South Vietnam. Car vestry government announced "the government has done away reactionaries." Government leaflets and effect millions everywhere. [12]
After the suppression of Buddhism, the government established the Commission to support Buddhist Federation Pure Nhat Minh by head teacher for the purpose of Buddhist images teachers are not against the government. [15]
The government was fertilizer
Last month 7/1963, the General Tran Van Don, Le Van Kim and Duong Van Minh had planned a coup to end the crisis, overthrow the government by many regarded as dictatorial family rule. As reported by the CIA, and at least ten coup plotters share the goals of the aforementioned young generals. The pressure of this group makes high-ranking generals have decided to take action to stabilize the situation and prevent the coup happened the other groups can put the South in crisis worse. [15 ]On 21/08/1963, President Ngo Dinh Diem's cabinet meeting was to inform the nation under martial law and occupied the temple and arrested "four nuns to head." Professor Foreign Minister Vu Van Mau said protest of the government and left the meeting. Then he shaved head and from the minister of Foreign Affairs. Vu Van Mau and some university professors founded the Movement Against Dictatorship Tri Thuc. [15]
To prevent the coup, the government transferred the commander of Military Region. General Ton That Dinh from Region II to Region III. General Huynh Van Cao in Region IV. General Nguyen Khanh in Region II. General Do Cao Tri Region I. The minister is suspected of holding millions of Saigon no military positions. General Tran Van Don and Duong Van Minh as military advisers Presidential Administration. Government in strengthening defenses against Presidential coup could take place. [15]
Student demonstrations, beach tags and monks set themselves on fire
On 8/21/1963, a student of Phu Tho Technology Center Key beach. [15]On 8/22/1963 Dean Saigon Medical Center Performing Pham was arrested to resign. The next day, active medical students from other schools students link established Steering Committee Faculty Student Contact. The committee launched all students college texts. After several weeks, the movement spread to dump all courses in high schools nationwide. [15]
On 24.8.1963 than 3,000 students and students gathered at the Law Faculty to Saigon to Professor Vu Van Form. Student Steering Committee The Faculty was renamed the Student Steering Committee and the manifesto of Students ask the government: [15]
1 - To respect and protect religious freedom.
2 - release for the monks and Buddhists, students, current students and professors detained.
3 - The end of terrorism, torture persecute Buddhists.
4 - Clear temples, to declare freedom expression.
Following on 24/08/1963, college faculty and high school in Saigon were large police blockade. Students and student texts and motion from the professors. Students in public schools Gia Long, Trung Vuong and Vo Truong Toan meeting held at the campus. Chu Van An School students scuffled with police. About 2,000 high school students arrested in Saigon. [15]
On 25/08/1963, 300 students held demonstrations in Red Square in front of Dien Ben Thanh market while the government's orders are issued seriously. Police fire on protesters killing girls Quach Thi Trang. About 200 people were arrested. Determination Quach Thi Trang carried away by police. That afternoon issued a statement the government security forces were ordered to fire on the crowd that any public gathering without prior authorization. [15]
On the radio, the government urged parents their children do not control them simultaneously bait Communist press conference to two children 15 and 16 years for these two children identified themselves as friends instigated Communist demonstrators. [15]
Date 5/10/1963 , 37, teacher Huong Quang Province Buddhist Association of Ban Me Thuot lit himself on fire before at Ben Thanh market. [15]
On 27/10/1963, Thien My 23 year old teacher at Van Tho temple lit himself on fire before Notre Dame Cathedral in Saigon. [15]
The consequences
By this time, all the forces of discontent with the government of Ngo Dinh Diem was united into a whole that the government considered the dictator Ngo Dinh Diem, family therapy, regardless of religion, not acceptable to the South Vietnam. Political struggle spread to the mass of students, students, small traders, intellectuals and other forces. Ngo Dinh Diem's government has lost allies in the country. International media and the United States are opposed Republican government of Vietnam has suppressed Buddhism.The Diem government impotent in the struggle against communism, to discredit the country and the world distorts battered image of the free world in the global strategy against communism in the United States will inevitably have to reconsider U.S. relations with this government. August 20, 1963 the government used force to attack the next day Buddhism United States is sending a new ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge in Saigon with a completely new policy for the government of Ngo Dinh Diem. The leaders of the Army of South Vietnam to contact the disgruntled political forces and the political and U.S. intelligence to refer to a solution removes brothers - Need - Take.
On November 1st year 1963 , the Army of the Republic of Vietnam has made successful coup to overthrow the government of President Ngo Dinh Diem, killing of President Ngo Dinh Diem and Ngo Dinh Nhu adviser, then executed the trial consultant Central Ngo Take home. The coup ended the First Republic of South Vietnam.
The investigation of the United Nations
On 4/9/1963, 14 countries including Afghanistan, Algeria, Cambodia, Ceylon, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Trinidad and Tobago take the matter to Buddhism in Vietnam General Assembly of the United Nations with content the government of Vietnam accused of violating the principles of the UN Charter. On 04.10.1963, the Republic of Vietnam sent a letter to the UN General Assembly invited a delegation to Vietnam to investigate the religious situation in Vietnam. Last October, the United Nations sent delegates representing 7 countries including Afghanistan (head of mission), Brazil, Ceylon, Costa Rica, Dahomey, Morocco and Nepal to Vietnam to investigate to find out the truth. The investigation ended when President Ngo Dinh Diem was a coup. According to the author, Nguyen Van Luc, a report filed in December 1963 made the following conclusions: [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]- On no legal religious discrimination
- The victim died at Hue radio stations by an explosion may be due to the communist cause. Republic of Vietnam Army does not possess that kind of explosive device.
- Only eight people dead, including seven children, not nine people dead and 24 wounded as the international media has exaggerated.
- The victim suffered serious injury, not being gun as reflected in international media.
- Victims of many different religions are not Buddhists as reflected in international media.
- A young monk said to have been recruited with promises of self-immolation was taking pain medication. Then people realize the government's crimes is only a fabrication.
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