The Four Noble Truths (the Four Noble Truths).
 

 

A / - Introduction

One day, the Buddha was staying at Kosambi in simsapa woods, he picked up a few leaves simsapa put up asking: "Bhikkhus, what do you think of? Simsapa leaves in my hand or in the woods much more simsapa ? ".

"Blessed, the Exalted leaves in too few hands, and the leaves in the forest simsapa too much". He says: "In the same way, O bhikkhus, that we know too much, but what do they teach you very little, but that is what is necessary and fundamental to liberation. What we have teach him? Government is "This is Suffering", "This is the file size", "It is difficult to treat," "This is the way to anti Suffering" (corresponding to V).

Catechism of the word to the system is the foundation of Buddhist teachings. Shortly after the Buddha attained enlightenment, he came to preach to the Deer Park Kondanna five brothers, those you lived with him before; contents first sermon was the Four Noble Truths. Since then, through the spiritual journey of his goods, the Four Noble Truths doctrine is deployed, expanded. Buddha repeatedly identified the importance of doctrine and ultra Vietnam from easy, he says: "The Arahats Enlightenment in the past, at present or in future, be regarded as the chief equity true sense of the Enlightenment Four Noble Truths "(corresponding to V).

The goal of Buddhism is liberation from the suffering, so the method is established, all efforts are oriented practice that goal. Church of the Four Noble Truths are considered the supreme goodness. Sariputra said: "For all the footprints of all animals were photographers in elephant footprints, because the largest footprint in all the footprints. Likewise, the word sage, all good measures are concentrated in the Four Noble Truths "(Central Business I). Buddha taught: "Bhikkhus, if anyone says that does not need to build the ground floor of the house, I will build on the floor of the house, this event could not happen. Likewise, if someone says that does not need enlightenment Four Noble Truths, we will cessation of suffering, this event can not happen "(corresponding to V).

Until about to enter nirvana, but life is laid under the tree, one last time, he repeated the words to the doctrine: "The bhikkhu, for four truths, skeptical of where he may be questioned away, no doubt to keep without answers "(Horror Church, Quang Tri translation).

Thus, the importance of the Four Noble Truths doctrine has been identified by the Buddha and his disciples excellence. For over 2,500 years, the Four Noble Truths teachings are still all sectarian Buddhism, Theravada and Mahayana, will uphold and practice.

B / - Contents

I-Definition

The Four Noble Truths are Chinese translations from Sanskrit Catvary Aryasatyani. Arya is Noble, noble, mystery, Satya is God, is the truth, is the truth. Four Noble Truths is also known as the Four base, the Four Noble Truths, Four mystery truth.

1 - Noble Truth of Suffering (dukkha): the reality of human suffering.

2 - The Empire (samudaya): is the source or cause of painful reality.

3 - Empire Kill (nirodha): is the end or the end of suffering.

4 - Dao base (Magga): the way or method of practice leading to the cessation of suffering.

Doctrine of Four Noble Truths are talking about in the business: to distinguish economic center (Central III), regardless of their economic base (Central A Ham), economic Zhuan Falun (Samyutta Nikaya & Magazine), and scattered in the Pali Canon as well as Han organs.

Content II-Four Noble Truths

1) - Noble Truth of Suffering (dukkha ): Suffering is a reality that people feel from time born so close your eyes until hands down, no one denies that. People tend to escape suffering, to find happiness, but because not understand the nature of suffering should not really find a way out, sometimes opposite, looking as happy as entangled in misery .

Noble Truth is the truth, a truth about the nature of suffering. The Buddha said, "Bhikkhus, birth is suffering, aging is suffering, sickness is suffering, death is suffering, love is pain that separation, that expectation is not suffering. Summary, the five aggregates of clinging suffering "(corresponding to V). Thus, the size can be divided into three aspects as follows:

a) - In terms of physiology: Suffering is an unpleasant sensation, burning, pain. When I was a sharp thorn pierced feet, or a grain of sand in the eye ... uncomfortable, this is the urgent physical pain. The physical pain of very large, as Lao Tzu says: "corn maize useful as useful agents themselves eunuchs" (There should be no pain itself). Humans are born miserable struggle; grow old and weak, extremely miserable disease, and ultimately, death: the collapse of the body eventually bring unpleasant feeling great.

b) - In terms of psychology : Is the suffering due to unsatisfactory, please do not .. The not so pleasant will create psychological pain. The loss, as losses you suffer in life. Loved ones want to close without it, I hate people that just meet again, I want money, fame, status but it just flashed out of his hand. Life is like a tantalizing wants, dreams unsatisfactory, his heart is always empty, etc. .. This is urgent suffering of psychology.

c) - Suffering is the five aggregates of clinging (upadana-Skandhas ): The third hard cover on both suffering, as in business has taught: "Clinging five aggregates is suffering".

In aggregates are 5 elements rely on each other to create a human being, including: physical body and structure as psychological: feeling, thoughts, and consciousness (form, feeling, perception, consciousness) . Generally speaking, when we cling to 5 above factors, we consider it, is mine, is my self, there is suffering. The idea of ​​"my body", "my feelings", "thought I," "my mind", "I'm aware of," ... I formed a desire, selfishness, from which, suffering arises. Suffering, anxiety, fear, frustration, madness are associated with the notion of "ego" thing.

In summary, the present suffering is phenomenal feeling of bodily pain, the burning of circumstances, not the psychological satisfaction. Naturally, suffering is due to attachment, turned down the aggregates.

2) - The Emperor (samudaya ): Volume is accumulating, the forming afflictions gathering capability leads to suffering, this is the cause, the source of the pain. Once aware of the nature of suffering clearly, can we go on the road cessation of suffering (sole director).

Life is suffering pain or not? The answer depends on psychological attitudes, feelings and perceptions of each person; cause of pain has deep roots in the minds of people. Buddhism also see the cause of suffering; may arise from the physical or social circumstances, but the real cause is still consciousness.

The cause of suffering is often mentioned is the experience of craving, craving that by clinging, clinging to the object of craving. The sensual longing will lead to suffering, because that desire is never satisfied.

Cause deeper and more fundamental is ignorance, ignorance is not immediately obvious nature of things depend on each other phenomena that arises, impermanent and change, no one can master, the strength independent in their firm. Do not apparent desire to birth center, hug hold objects of pleasure. Do not mistake the new apparent that the "I" is the most important, is the need to cling true, strengthened and satisfy its needs. In other words, by grasping ignorance that the "I" and "mine" as my body, my feelings, my thoughts ..., my lover, my property, my career Due to the attachment ... that's the anguish of life.

In summary, we can see clearly, or not suffering is due to his heart, his heart full of greedy, grasping, misperceptions are definitely suffering. In other words, by the look of every person to life, but there is suffering or not. If not the ego and selfish desire and stir sorrow, dominates, reigns in the mind peaceful life full of happiness.

3) - Empire Kill (nirodha): Kill an end, is extinguished. Empire Kill is the end or extinguish afflictions cause of suffering and the cessation of suffering, also means happiness, peace. Empire Kill synonymous with Nirvana (Nirvana / Nibbana).

Buddhism certified life full of suffering, and also identified another truth is that peace and happiness. So that practice to achieve happiness. What is happiness? Happiness has different levels.

a) - Relative Happiness : Once you have dampening craving, clinging, then the anxiety, fear, insecurity reduced, your body and mind to become calm, sober-minded; you see every problem becomes simpler and more generous. It is a form of happiness. Business Central has an example: There was a boy who loved a girl. By chance, he caught her talking, laughing with another guy. The soul of the son is in love with her ​​strong disturbance, irritability, frustration and pain. Some time later, the son was not love that girl again, this time he met her, she was talking love, laugh with other guys, but he does not picture his soul pain again. Also, because the mind is not governed by grasping ideas, thanks not heated by the flame of sorrow, anxiety, fear, that your mind is calm and wiser, the ability to recognize real phenomena more deeply and accurately, you should create a miracle: the body and mind are transformed, attitudes towards people your generosity, tolerance and humility, for wealth, resources production, fame becomes more peaceful, not its pressure weighing on his heart. On that basis, you can enjoy a quality life.

In summary, depending on the mitigation potential of lust, hatred and ignorance to what extent the life of the part you will be happy to increase that level.

If you develop a higher spiritual happiness by the practice of meditation, you will have great peace. He says: "There are people who can not physically sick in a year or maybe in a hundred years, but it's the rare person not mentally ill, if only for a minute." The psychology is considered mental illness includes 5 mentality, often called the 5 hindrances: greed, anger, sloth, sleep, fluctuating and regret, doubt and hesitation. 5 When this kind of mentality is present, it will bind your mind and veils, to eliminate them, will elucidate the spirit of purity and peace like the moon freed from a cloud cover. The mental state of happiness is called charity.

b) - Absolute Happiness : On the basis of spiritual happiness, you develop insight, the mind towards all segments except negativity subtle, profound, you can achieve absolute happiness, Nibbana is supreme table. Empire Kill is nirvana. Nirvana is the pure, absolute happiness. He says: "Countless patients best interests win, Nirvana supreme optimism" (K.Magandiya, TBK II).

Nirvana also be expressed in many different nouns, as typical: the unborn, deliverance, unconditioned, outflows, originality shore, calm, like foot, they really are, not legal body ... Nirvana must be the object of thinking, concepts or language. This is the state of peace and happiness when the mind has absolute absence of greed, hatred and delusion.

We often conceived as a Nirvana realm, a realm that higher realms, as is the heavenly realm of other religions, it is a big mistake. Nirvana transcend all dualistic concepts of time, space, yes, no, big, small ... However, Nirvana is not nothingness, which is a real pure super Vietnam, not located distinction within consciousness, in other words, may not be aware of nirvana while still greed, hatred and delusion. A Zen saying: "Look at the mountains, the streams, the forests other beautiful blue. Knowing see things with a new perspective, a perspective not driven by greed, hatred and delusion , then there is the beautiful scene that Nirvana! Nirvana is not a place any difference to the world, a realm in which one can find. Nirvana is here. " Buddha and Bodhisattva, Arhat immediately reached nirvana in this life. That means that Nirvana is located within the reach of every person. Expression of Nirvana is no longer a cause and not recycled.

4) - Directed Empire (Magga): Dao is the way, the methods implemented to achieve peace and happiness in daily life or happiness absolute nirvana. Thus, the entire teachings that the Buddha taught are sole director, general and includes 37 basic approach, often referred to as direct aids 37. The Buddha said, "Bhikkhus, this is the law and have the realization by teaching children to learn smart, empirical practice, widely spread Dharma is eternal, so happy for them born, because the happiness of beings, because loving thoughts for life, for happiness, for the happiness of gods and men. That's four foundations of mindfulness, four primary needs, Four-sufficient spirit, base year, five continents, Seven Bodhi part, Eight noble parts "(Mahaparinirvana business).

In August 37, the law is considered noble and typical of the island to the most basic. Eight Qingdao, also known as Eight path - the right path - have spent part 8:

1) - Right Understanding (Samma Ditthi ): Seeing and understanding right, that is aware of the moral life, which is good, what is evil. Get to know the true nature of things are impermanent, selfless, interdependent. Recognizing the nature of suffering, cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering and the path leading to the end of suffering.

2) - Right Thought (Samma sankappa ): Think properly, ie do not let your mind thinking problems as immoral lust, anger, angry, violent thoughts lead to harm ... toward his superior mind like thinking about the self-indulgent, liberation, love help the beings, of nonviolence, patience, calmness.

3) - Right Speech (Samma Vaca ): language properly, meaning not say those words put to suffering divisions, violence, hatred. Utter taken to build trust, solidarity harmony, love and interests.

4 ) - Right Livelihood (Samma Kammanta ): proper behavior, behavior that is no murder, robbery, unlawful sex act. Practice the love and help, not desire evil pleasures.

5) - Right Livelihood (Samma Ajiva ): Life correctness, ie means of earning a living, true professional, not live in illegal occupations, cruel, cunning.

6) - Right Effort (Samma Vayama ): right effort, meaning that efforts to get rid of evil, practice good effort.

7 ) - Right Mindfulness (Samma Sati): Me thinks proper, remember do not think that is the way evil, do not let the objects led his nefarious hike. Mind to dwell on the bad ones, do not forget bad ones.

8) - Right Concentration (Samma Samathi ): Focus ideological correctness, that is not to be mental disorders, concentration and calm the mind as properly and efficiently develop wisdom.

The relationship between the expenditure share Eightfold Path is inseparable, spending this section in detail the other part, the other for this support. Eight path can be divided into three steps, concentration and wisdom. About the Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort Dinh, Mindfulness, Right Concentration, Right Wisdom, Right Thought. Determination of the Noble Eightfold Path is the path to liberation, the Buddha said: "This Subhadda, the law does not have the Noble Eightfold Path, the Four there is no result Sa subjects" (Business Mahaparinirvana, TB I) . Buddha taught: "If the bhikkhus live true (according to the Noble Eightfold Path) then this world is not lack of Arahat".

Path is the path of the island to self-effort of every Buddhist practitioner, this path has both practical effect immediately in this life.

Four Cultivate III-truth

Buddhist teaching is not a doctrine, but a practice works, there is a new practice theory into practice, the materials in every human life, as new eat it, the new water thirsty . That's where the difficulty of the Buddhists, who can not rely on self-help for themselves, or who gave her being freed, all suffering.

In the third period giving the awareness and practice of the Four Noble Truths, the term known as Tam transfer: Thi switch, switch Promotion, transfer certificate.

1) - For the Noble Truth of Suffering : Market move is perceived or identified with suffering. Seeing the suffering is the first step, if not see, do not know they will not take action to end suffering. Promotion is moving deeper into the nature of suffering, desire arises rid of suffering. Securities transferred feel deeply and comprehensively about the nature of suffering.

2) - For the apron : Destination transfer is taken to identify the cause of suffering. Promotion is starting to turn desire rid of her cause. Stock transfer is practice, efforts to rid them.

3) - For the Empire Kill : Thi switch is aware of the absence of pain is happiness, there is no suffering, one must see it. Promotion is starting to turn desire to be happy, have joy, peace and serenity of life. Stock transfer is achieved, really enjoy that peaceful state.

4) - For the True Path : Market is moving to see the path, that is the ending of suffering, it is clear that this is the path to liberation, in other words, find a way out! Promotion is starting to turn on the desire to go that route, departing on that route. Stock is moving on a path that fully.

In summary, for each truth, we must recognize clearly. From unobstructed awareness will lead to the desire to act, and finally achieve the goal. We must clearly see the evolution of behavior, language and thinking of yourself, what suffering, cause of suffering, we need to identify and eradicate them, we transform it to enjoy the joy of peace Removal of base happy. Happiness and suffering come from where our bodies and minds.

C / - Conclusion

People should not suffer because of lack of material, money, fame, which is due to ignorance. The confusion makes people not correctly perceive the essence of life. Buddhism instructs people a path, a way out, providing the means for people to open the treasure of his wisdom. The definition of ignorance, the Buddha said: "It is not known suffering, cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering and the path leading to the cessation of suffering, O bhikkhus, it is called ignorance" (corresponding to V) . And the opposite is proving, is wisdom. Intellectual viewpoint, interdependent relationships of four clear manifestation of truth, a truth that is found to be the whole truth. The Buddha said, "Bhikkhus, who saw suffering, he also found the cause of suffering, that suffering killing, that the way to kill pain. Who found the cause of suffering, and that suffering, that is Removal of suffering and the path leading to the cessation of suffering. kill anybody that is suffering, and that suffering, cause of suffering, the way to kill pain. anybody see a path to kill pain, they also see the format, materials of suffering and the cessation of suffering "(corresponding to V). Fully understand how the Right, it plays a very important role in the process of practicing four truth in other words, the President is going top in all disciplines. Recognizing that clear guidance is also called Knowledge.

Four Teachings truth has a means, just an end. A complete catechism full of humanity bringing faith, human life, contemporary society and has practical benefits for people and modern society.

Characteristics of the Four Noble Truths doctrine middle path, not fall into extreme sensual enjoyment or ascetic mortification. Doctrine of Four Noble Truths covers all the teachings that the Buddha taught. Church of the Four Noble Truths can practice as well as the monastic house, who is also the practice, anyone can taste the liberation, to meet demand from suffering for personal and social transformation. /.END=VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTMENT.WORLD VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST ORDER=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.12/3/2014.NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).