WHAT BUDDHA TAUGHT?-CHAPTER 1:THE BUDDHIST SPIRITUAL ATTITUDE.

      Talgae  the founders of religions, the Buddha (if we can call Him  founder of a religion in the conventional sense of the word) is the He has no unique claim to be anything other than a human, complete all just a man. The other cardinal position is either God,  or God incarnate in different forms, or the Supreme  sole revelation. Buddha is not only a man, his back was  not a man claiming to be a revelation from any one position god or any other power. He said everything He made, to be achieved and completed, are entirely due efforts and the human mind. Only human beings can become Buddhas. All  who are carrying the potential to become Buddha if they wish and effort. I  can call the Buddha was a great moral Man. He is so perfect in "human nature" that his later, in the religion of the mass,  He is seen as a "Superman".

 According to Buddhism, the great human situation. People do it yourself his master, no one entity or any higher power can the won its fate. Buddha said:

"Self is our shelters for us, who else can do helpless?" [1]

 He advised his disciples to "take refuge in himself," never should find shelter or help from anyone else[2].  He was teaching, encouraging and promoting open and every one to find the extricate themselves, as human beings have the capacity to free from all intellectual and bound by their own efforts. Buddha said: "The Tathagata[3] Chief director of teaching, but you have to do their work. "[4] If the Buddha is called "Savior" because He is also found and only path to liberation, Nirvana. But in themselves , we must step on it.

 Because the principle of personal responsibility is that the Buddha to his disciples complete freedom. In economic Mahaparinibhana (Great Eight Nirvana), the Buddha  He taught her never thought control Sangha (Sangha)[5] and he did not want this mass depends on him. He taught that in his teachings, no mystical theory, nothing to hide withholding of "virtue fist Teacher" (acariyamutthi), or in other words, He did not hide anything in the sleeve at all.[6]

 In the history of religion, people do not see any other religion freedom of thought such as Buddhism. This freedom is really necessary, because the Buddha, the liberation of the people depend on the direct receiving truth, not in favor of a god or a power external reward submission.

 Once, the Buddha's visit Kesaputta Kalamas in a small town in Kosala. When listening to the Buddha, who Kalamas to His visit and transparency:

 "O Buddha, there are many Brahmin hermits and Kesaputta visit. They explain and clarify his theory, but contempt, condemned, all chain theory of the others. Then there are those recluses and Other Brahmins also explain and clarify the theory of their own, despise, condemn and vilify the theory of  other. But Buddha, about the us, we always Hoai doubt and confusion, not knowing any of the Brahmin hermits and their Glass had told the truth, who said wrong. "

Then the Buddha gave them unique advice as follows:

 "Ask people Kalamas, ye doubt, confusion is a must, because the problem was  very suspicious. Ask Kalamas people, not to be tempted by the words art again, or by tradition, or by the rumors. Do not get to direct by canonical authority, or by deductive reasoning, or by the surface reliable than, or by thinking about the pleasure point, or by the what seems reasonable, or by the thought: "This is our teacher." But ask Kalamas, yourself when you know something is immoral, wrong, bad, let's get rid of ... and when the people themselves know what is good, good, accept it, go. "[7]

 Buddha went further. He told the bhikkhus that a disciple should to judge even the Tathagata (Buddha), to be absolutely confident sure that the value of their teachers are under.[8]

According to the teachings of the Buddha, comfort (vicikicha) is one of the five hindrances (five females, nivarana)[9],  obstacle in understanding the truth and for spiritual progress (or any progress whatsoever). However, comfort is not a "sin",  because in Buddhism there is no "dogma". Indeed, in the Buddhism has no "sin" sense "sin" in some religions other. The root of all evil is ignorance (avijja) and wrong (miccha ditthi). One thing is indisputable as long longer have doubts, confusion bearing, hesitated, then can not progress. It is undeniable doubt inevitable that when people do not understand, to see clearly.  But to proceed further, the absolute need to rid ourselves of doubt. Want from doubt, we need to see clearly.

 The problem is not that one should not doubt or should believe. Just saying that "I believe", does not mean that you understand and see clearly. When a student solving a problem to stage do not know how to proceed, it will suspicion falls on confused. If in doubt, he can not move, so need to stop suspected. There are workarounds, but do not just say "I believe" or "I do not think" that solved the problem. Committing oneself to trust and accept one thing I do not understand anything, is an attitude political, not spiritual attitudes or knowledge.

 He always skeptical all chains. Even when he was about to take, some minutes before you leave earth, He also repeatedly told the disciples to ask technical if there is any doubt about His teaching, to later regret not can not resolve all the questions. But the disciples were silent.

 When the Buddha was a very touching words: "If so respect that the Tathagata you can not ask anything, then tell everyone you know "(which means that each person ask you what you ask it for questions).[10]

 Not only the freedom of thought, but also the grace of Buddha, make use of religious studies by surprise. A youth so in Nalanda, a wealthy and prominent name advantage-she-li (Upali), a disciple Property in the name of sects in Ni-Kien-e (Nigantha - Nataputta) of States Canada Jaina teachings of Mahavira, Mahavira was the election to see the Buddha to debate and all I few points in the karma theory, because the views  Buddha's different about this issue with the view of Mahavira[11].  Contrary to expectations, Upali after the debate to accept that the views of the Buddha is true and false opinion of his teacher. By  so he begged the Buddha to admit a student at home (Upasaka, Pros-she-rules). But the Buddha told him think again, and do not rush, for "careful judgment is good for those who like his eminent." When Upali repeated pleas, the Buddha advised him to keep the glass importance and support of his old teacher as before[12].

 In the 3rd century BC, the Buddhist emperor Asoka of origin  India, following the example of grace and virtue exalted sympathy, had glass and supported all other religions in the empire of his broad  one. In a statement of the Emperor inscribed on stone pillar far we still  read:

 "People should not only respect their own religion and gambling the religion of others, but to respect others religious reasons  or other reasons. So we can do for his religious development and help other religions. If not, we were digging the buried  their own religion, and also harms other religions. He who only respect all beliefs and faiths other chains, the that they did this because devotion to their own beliefs, thinking, "I  will honor my religion. "But on the contrary, when do they have hurt themselves a religion more seriously. Thus the fusion  good is good: everyone should listen, and willing to listen theories that others initiated. "[13]

 Here we should also add that the spirit of sympathetic understanding that today's should be applied, not only in matters of religious theory, which also in the other realm.

 Tolerance sympathy from the beginning he was one of the reasons  thought to be the most beloved cultural and Buddhist civilization. The so that throughout the history of 2500 years missionaries, Asian Buddhist, and now has over 500 million followers. Violence, in any form no, no arguments, is absolutely opposed to the teachings of Buddha.

 People often ask: Buddhism is a religion or a philosophy? Call what it is, it was not important, Buddhism is Buddhism, though you stuck up there whatever the brand. Brand is dependent. Even brand of Buddhism that we set for Buddha Teachings is not very important systems. The name that we set for Buddhism is not essential.

What's in a noun?
Incense that rose even more names.

 Also, do not need brand truth, it is not Buddhism, Family Car Catholic, Hindu, or Muslim. Truth is not exclusive of anyone. The sects brand is an obstacle to understanding the truth freely  now, and they give rise to harmful biases in human thought  people.

 This is true not only in matters of intellectual and spiritual, but also  both in the communication between people. For example, when we met a person, they do not look like a human, which we put to them a label  effects such as English, French, German, American or Jewish, and he reviewed all prejudices that come with the brand in our minds. But he has  completely beyond the attributes that we assign to them.

 Man enjoys the distinguishing marks, so they put all brands was up on the virtues and feelings that people are there. They said to the "type" of different charity, such as: Buddhist Charity Catholic Family and Catholic Charity, and despise the other brands of charity. But charity can not be a partnership, it is not God, Buddha, Indian or In. The love of a mother for the child is not a Buddha or God: there is motherhood. These virtues and human emotions like love, I love, compassion, tolerance, patience, friendship, desire, hatred, anorexia delay, ignorance, pride, etc.. no need to brand partnership, we does not belong to any religion at all.

 For the seeker of truth, a thought from where they come from is not relations. The origin and development of a thought is a matter of learning authors. Indeed, to understand the truth, we do not even know the words teaching from the Buddha or from someone else. It is essential that clear  problem, understand it. There is an important story in the Central Business (Majjhima-Nikaya) (Business 140) to clarify this.

One day the Buddha to stay overnight in an artisan workshop of pottery. Also in the workshop had a young hermit there before him[14]. They  not know each other. Buddha observed the hermit and said to himself: "Youth This lovely gesture. We should ask about this. "So faith Buddha asked him: "Ask Dr. begging[15], In the name of someone you have abandoned your family? Who is your teacher? Who do you like your theory? "

 The young man replied, "my friend, a recluse Gotama Sakyan, has leaving my family to become a hermit. It is rumored that there was a Arahant (A-la-drought), a fully enlightened level. The name of the holy man was good that I have become a hermit. He is my teacher, and I like of the theory. "

- So that holy man, the A-la-draft, who was omniscient now where?

 - In the land to the north, to ask you, is a city called Savatthi (Xa protection). The Blessed One there is who, the A-la-droughts, who are omniscient.

- When you have that you did not, who did the Blessed? If you meet him, you will recognize him or not?

- I have never seen him Buddha. If you meet him, I do not recognize.

 Buddha realized that his name but the young stranger this family have abandoned begging and become a doctor. But still not reveal traceable. He said:

- Ask Dr. beggar, I will teach you the theory. Let's listen. I would say.

- Yes, you say go. Young people's approval.

 When the Buddha was teaching the youth a special sermon Most of truth (which we will present the essential points later)[16].

 Only after hearing the Dhamma is complete, a hermit named Pukkusati realized  told that he is Buddha. He lowered his feet Teacher ethics, and apologize because he did not know which to call Him "you"[17]. He then asked the Buddha transmitted and received his ordination into the Sangha.

 Buddha had asked him y, bowls ready (a bhikkhu - monks -  3 y and have a bowl for alms). When respondents did not Pukkusati there, the Buddha taught that the Tathagata (Tathagatas) will not sign for life  someone if they do not have available medical or bowl. So to seek medical Pukkusati  and bowls, but unfortunately he was crawling along the butting death[18].

 Later when he reached the sad news, Buddha told his disciples that Pukkusati  is a holy man saw the truth and has reached the stage near the end of the road made Nirvana, and be reborn into a realm, in there he will become an A-la-drought[19] and finally death to never return to this world.[20]

 Through story we can see that when the Buddha and listen Pukkusati Assembly is leading his teachings, he does not know who is telling who he is, or there is the teaching of one. He found the truth. If the drugs or the disease will heal. No need to know who made the doctor, or from where it again.

 Most religions are established on faith - rather, our blind faith - but the Buddhist emphasis on the "notice", understood, be acquired, rather than on trust. In the texts of Buddhism  a noun Saddha (Skt. Sraddha) usually translated as faith, trust idea. But saddha is not "faith" in the conventional sense, but rather it is "credit", arising from the determination. In Buddhism average people and in common usage where the scriptures, we must recognize  noun "saddha" have a sense of "faith" when it is explained that the refuge in Buddha, Dharma (Dhamma) and Sangha (Sangha, Sangha).

According to Asanga, the great philosopher of Buddhism in the fourth century, "credits" has three aspects:

1) The trust and integrity sure about something.
2) The joy serene about the virtues.
3) The desire or wish to complete a goal to pursue.[21]

Although understanding how much faith in the sense that religion has very little relevance to Buddhism.[22]

The problem arises when faith no clear - see with every sense. As we can see, the problem disappeared faith. If I told you that in my fist with the pearl, the trust issues raised because you do not see the pearl. But if I open the fist and only gem for you, then you've found the problem no longer trust placed  out again. So in the ancient texts have a saying: "Get to know as people found a jewel in my palm. "

A disciple of Buddha, a monk named Musila told another: "Hey you Savittha without faith[23],  confidence cult, no fancy or bias, without heard rumors or legends, not to judge allegations surface in addition, no pleasure in thinking about the concept, I know and found that the cessation of life and death is Nirvana. "[24]

 And the Buddha taught, "Ask the monk, said that the eradication evil, is impure so that a person has seen and known, but  not for someone who does not see and did not know. "[25]

 The problem has always been known and seen, not private. The doctrine of virtue  Buddha is known as Ehi-passika, inviting you to "come to see", not to  to believe.

 In the texts, the word always refers to the who has the truth is "French label (legal eye: dhamma-cakkhu), not dusty and dirty, has arisen: "Those who have seen the foot reasons, have entered into the truth, has overcome skepticism, because he no longer expected. With true wisdom, he see them as they (yatha bhutam) "[26].  Speaking of his own enlightenment, the Buddha taught: "The eye has students, intellectuals have arisen, their explanation arose, light arose "[27]. Always there is the understanding of the mind or wisdom (nana-dassana), rather than through faith and trust.

 This point is increasingly being lauded at the time that orthodoxy Brahmins have to believe and accept the traditional course and competence of their unique truth. One day, a group she was subjects prominent official to visit the Buddha and a long debate with him. One of the men, a young Brahmin named sixteen Kapathika, be considered intelligent all four of them, asked the Buddha[28]:

 - Lord Gautama, there are all biblical old who she was  proceedings subject continuously transmitted through oral transmission of texts. On the More prayers, a Brahmin who had this absolute conclusion: "Only  here's the truth, and everything else is wrong. "So faith Gautama will  say anything about that?

The Buddha asked:

 - In the Brahman, a Brahman which declared itself I know and see that "this was the only truth, everything else is reasonable mistake? "

Honest young man replied:

- No.

 - So, how can a teacher or a teacher of teachers do Brahman in the back on time Saturday, or even to any someone among the first authors of the classics he has  declared that he knew and saw: "There is new here is the truth, all the others are false? "

- No.

 - So, they resemble a string of blind people in tandem, the The first did not see who the person is not found and finally not. Thus, it seems the situation of the Brahman similar situation of a string of blind people.

 He then Brahman group advice vitally note: "A wise man should not keep the truth come to the conclusion:" Only  here's the truth, and everything else are false. "

When young Brahmin asked him to explain the meaning of a "truth maintenance", the Buddha taught:

 "A person who believes something. If he says:" This is my faith " How is his health was keeping the truth about. But he can not go to the Absolute Comments: "There is new here is the truth, and everything else are false."  In other words a person can believe anything arbitrary, and can say "I believe this. "So y is respect for the truth. But he should not be so pleased  believe that he said only what medical information is true, and everything else is wrong. "

 Buddha said: "The attachment of something (an opinion) and contempt  other things (other perspective) seen as inferior - fake call wise there is a shackle. "[29]

One day the Buddha taught[30] the disciples on the causal theory, and they said, had seen and understood it. Consecutive Buddha taught:

 "O bhikkhus, even this conception, transparent and clear that, but if he hold on to it, if you prefer it to him, if the he kept it, if he tied it, then so is he do not understand that just as teaching a raft, to cross the river but remains not to hold that hug. "[31]

 Elsewhere, the Buddha teaching this famous metaphor, in his teachings is like a raft used to cross the river, not to hold and carrying on his back.

 "O bhikkhus, a traveler, to a large river about. Coast This is very dangerous side, but on the other side is peace and no danger. Do not have a boat to the other side of the river, did not have a to go over the bridge. He said to himself: "The river was wide, shore is fraught with peril, but on the other side, the peace without danger. No How to ship to the other side, there was no one to bridge over. Therefore, it would be very good if we collect grass, wood, twigs and leaves to make a raft, and raft through which the other side for secure, using both hands and feet rowing against us. "then asked the monks, he picked grass, wood, trees, leaves that  make a raft and the raft was taken by the other side safely stable, overlapping with his limbs. Having crossed the river to the other side, y  thought: "The true friends of this has benefited us a lot. Thanks to it we have through peaceful river to this side, overlapping with our hands and feet. It considerable wear on the raft or on any of us go back. "

 - How he thought the teacher asked the monks? If he do so y is the action of an appropriate action for the raft  or not?

- Buddha, no.

 "Then we should do with medical raft? Having crossed the river and to the other side, suppose he thought: "The truth was this friend of a great boon to us. Because it had to come this side river safely stable, overlapping with our hands and feet. We should leave this raft on the water, then continue to go anywhere. "It is an appropriate action for raft. Also, ask the monks, I have taught a similar doctrine as a raft, it remains to pass, not to bring by, hold on. O bhikkhus, has to understand that just as a doctrine friends, then (dhamma) the right he was leaving, another case of illegal (Adhamma)[32] should let go, the more it knows about what. "

 From this metaphor we can see that the teachings of the Buddha is reinforced to take the people to peace, purity, happiness, reaching Nibbana (Nirvana). Full  Buddha taught the theory leads to cure it. He did not speak out things that just to satisfy intellectual curiosity. He was a real teacher teach practical things will bring happiness to people happy.

Buddha once stayed in a forest Simsapa in the Kosambi (near Allanhabad). He holds a handful of leaves, and asked his disciples:

- Ask the monk, the brothers think? Leaves in our hands more or more leaves in the forest?

- Blessed, leaves in the hands of the enlightened few, but it leaves in the forest Simsapa indeed more numerous.

 - Also, ask the monks, it only teaches them very little from what we The explanation has been. What he did not tell the truth more boundless. And why did not the Tathagata teaching these things? Because it  not useful ... does not lead to Nirvana. Thus, we have not say these things.[33]

 It is useless for us when trying to imagine - as some scholars have tried to make a vain - what Buddha said but did not tell his disciples.

 Buddha did not want to talk about metaphysical issues is not necessary, sole realm of thinking, fantasies arise. His view them as a "forest concept." It seems that the disciples of Buddha also those who do not like his attitude. School where he is a Man of the pupil (Malunkyaputta) were sparse ask 10 known classical questions on matters metaphysical and paid for Buddha  word.[34]

Malunkyaputta One day, after the session of meditation on the driver, went to pay homage to Buddha, sat down on one side and asked:

 - Blessed, when I was sitting in meditation alone, this idea came to me: "There are issues that the Buddha did not explain, to to the side and remove. Is:

A. Everlasting universe, or 2. not lasting;
3. Space limited, or 4. infinite;
Five. The soul is one with her body, or 6. another soul other body.
7. Germany has also the Tathagata exist after death, or 8. He does not exist after death.
9. He just does not exist just to exist after death, or 10. He just does not exist and neither does not exist.

 These issues were not the Buddha explained to me, this attitude not unsatisfactory. I do not like her attitude. I will come to faith Exalted and said to ask him about this. If the Buddha did not explain for us, we will give them mass up and leave. If the Buddha know the universe eternal, let him say so. If the Buddha is not that the universe is eternal or not etc.. then one does not know please so frankly, "I do not know, I do not know."

 The Buddha's answer to kyaputta Malun-benefit effects of million people worldwide are now wasting precious time on metaphysical problems and a busy mind is unnecessary:

 - Malunkyaputta this, we have never said to him: "Come, Malunkyaputta, live the holy life under the shadow of me, I will explain the  problem was for him or not? "

- Buddha, no.

 - And he, this Malunkyaputta, he told us: "Buddha, you will holy life under the shadow of him and he will explain the problem for her children? "

- Buddha, no.

 - Right now, Malunkyaputta, do not say to him: "Come to life holy shade us, we will explain these things to him. "And nor did he say to me: "Buddha, you will live the holy life under the shadow of the Buddha and he will explain these things to you. "In the case, ask the other crazy people, who denies it? " [35]

 Malunkyaputta asked, if someone said, "I will not live the holy life good shade Buddha if he did not explain to me the problem topic was "then he could die before the Tathagata question is answered. Suppose, asked Malunkyaputta, a man shot poisoned arrows and her friends I take medicine to a physician. Suppose then the other person said, "I will not withdraw  this arrow out if we do not know who shot, he was a Police  Delhi (Ksatriya) or a Brahman (priest-class) or a  REVIEW amnesty (Vaisya, commercial farming class) or a la Prime momentum (Sudra - the caste), his name is, the family was, he high, low or medium height, his skin black, brown or gold, he comes from that village or urban provinces. I am not going to draw nose This name is not known if any had shot one of supply, the cord so, what kind of arrows, made of feathers and what the name made of nothing. "Q  Malunkyaputta, he will die before knowing which of the these questions. Also, ask Malunkyaputta, if a person says, "I will  not the holy life under the Tathagata ball until he answer questions such as whether the world's longevity, etc.. ", the  He will die before the Tathagata answered.

 Then the Buddha explained to Malun-kyaputta that holiness  not depend on these views. Although people have the idea that any problems that way, there is still life, old age, sickness and death, advantages, bi, suffering ... that the cessation of these things (ie Nirvana) is said to have  be made right in this life.

 Therefore, this Malunkyaputta, keep in mind in mind: what we have explains, is considered to be explained and what we have not taught award shall not be deemed to have explained. What are the things we did not explained? World eternal or not etc.. (10 of these concepts), we did not explain. Why, asked Malunkyaputta, which we did not resolve like them? Because it is not useful, not related to basic life  holy spirit, does not lead to boredom away, liberation, the dots sorrow, tranquility, the penetration, the willow realization of Nibbana. Because of How we did not tell him about these things.

 But what, asked Malunkyaputta, we have explained? I explained the pain  (Dukkha), the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path leading to the suffering[36].  Malunkyaputta asked, why we have explained them? Because of its benefits,  its relationship to fundamental spiritual holy life, it leads to bored out, liberation, the cessation of suffering, the peace, the penetration, the willow enlightenment, Nirvana. Therefore we have to explain them. "[37]

Let us now consider the Four Noble Truths that the Buddha told Malunkyaputta that he explained.END=VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY BACH LIEN HOA.( TAM THANH ).NAM MO SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).28/3/2O12.