Chapter V

Gotama Buddha and the psychological aspects

-OOo-

HIS HUMAN FORM

Pali canon has depicted the Buddha by his Brahmin Sonadanta She outlined. Indeed, before the Ba-la-masters courses have not met at the time of this description, he only repeated what was heard, but then face to face him and he realized that this was the main determine:

"Verily recluse Gotama look handsome, lovable, suggests confidence, particularly as skin color television, color similar to Brahma, brilliant as Brahma. Appearance he was high to . elegantly his voice, his words express so elegant, subtle, eloquent, clear and precise. " (Enterprise 4.6)

The skin of the Buddha are bright people and attention. He was often depicted "like yellow light skinned" and after a heated argument with the lay-Ni-Peak Saccaka Aggivessana death, he remarked that "skin color remains the venerable Gotama seems clear " (MN 36. 49). In a country like India, where people focus on skin color and skin color "golden rice" is seen as a sign of the upper middle class (Vanna: literally, skin color) along with noble clan, This comment is significant not only praise but also face Buddha chanting his ancestors again.

However inconclusive about the origin of the Buddha family by his skin color. People in republican Sakiya part of Indian origin, most of the original Indo-Ariyan. They are immigrants from the West and South, and part Mongolian origin descended from the north along the river valley. Buddha's time there are two races, Indians and Mongolians brown tan, have assimilated together in this Sakiya tribal territory, so there are many strains and more complex patterns of ethnic color coordinated enough .

A sign that perhaps the Buddha belongs rather than ethnic Indian ethnic Mongols in the Snow Mountain is his height. Ethnic Mongolians usually squat, uncouth, lower population of India, also notes that books Gotama Buddha, even while I am among the Indian people in the South of the Ganges, is also apparent shape great dance postures.

 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS WAY

If the king Suddhodana KAPILAVATTTHU each animal in the hope that his prince will become a dynamic and robust, and are interested in how the ambition of the country, then he was disappointed. For this son was never involved in the collective pastime or military training sessions, which became like a loner, with many tendencies of philosophical reasoning and contemplation. Instead of enjoying all the pleasures of the right to place a prince, and he has developed his own standards and discontent with the world because of the injustice suffered perfection in life. At the same time, he left pondering about how he could overcome her life according to their own situation. In short, the language of psychology, he is sensitive intellectual form, often introverted. Nothing surprising family life and marriage do not satisfy him and he took the opportunity to retire from the secular mendicant monk.

We need to see the experience of Enlightenment ( bodhi ) of the Buddha in 528 BC a great event not only brought religion to the world, but Prince Siddhattha Gotama changes with the trends Center highlights the Buddha's extroverted periodically . Experience Enlightenment was rushing toward expressing thoughts through language with a great power that would be! It caused many people to look for the Buddha he could return to the market discover and impart his spiritual treasure which he had found.

During the forty-five years of the French missionary, we can observe Buddha shift bias between inner and external world trends. The period preached success that he traveled from densely populated region to region, can be clearly distinguished with the period of his weary masses sought solitude and serenity. He liked to travel alone (AN 6. SN 42 & 22. 81) "as western ox." His teachings with the likes solitude, not to those who desire the masses, so he claims ( AN 8. 30).

However, he only tends to seclusion in a limited number, because even though his teachings spread a reclusive introvert, extrovert and he also must travel between the masses if he wants more people to be touched on religion. Later, there is a distinction between a Buddha Enlightenment Lifehacker ( Pacceka-Buddha ), an Enlightenment itself, exploring his view that private ownership, should have kept quiet about it, and a whole Enlightenment and Enlightenment ( Samma-SamBuddha ) is the Buddha announced his discovery of his way to help others. Ideally, the Omniscient Buddha nobler than an undergraduate sage wisdom is supreme knowledge not only think about self-interest but also think about benefit of others (AN 4. 186).

As people become older, the stage direction of the inner Buddha or longer. In terms of spreading the Dhamma, he pleased with the success of his mission and no longer feel the excitement of hearing speakers when they stick by their words and tired of his fame (AN 5. 30). Although the age of eighty, he was still full intellectual resources (MN 12. 62) and eloquent speaker, and his example was missing picture looks modern and dynamic colors, and his lectures are partially restore the old pattern. Thus, more and more he felt the teaching monks is enough for him, so only the lay counseling as required. About the rest, this is from the Church has grown into a structure with large areas with many disciples spread Dharma illustrious reputation, need to take this teaching positions (DN 29. 15) .

For the reason that the Buddha preached reduced activity, need to add one more important point: from the age of about sixty, his health did not allow more power consumption.

In the past, the Buddha always aware of health problems, and he also obey the laws of life recluse. During the hottest months in India last summer, he lets his real life after the nap (MN 36. 46) evening and fasting to "stay healthy, cheerful, calm, motivation and life pleasant. " (MN. 70)

In addition to certification stomach sometimes disturbing, it is inevitable that his life has mendicant cured by rubbing oil and laxatives (Mv 8. 1. 30), drinking molasses with hot water (SN 7. 2. 3) or liquid porridge three pharmaceuticals (Mv 6. 17th. 1), he was suffering from back pain in old age, perhaps because of a sprained vertebra. Makes his long standing back pain (AN 9. 4) and even though he visited KAPILAVATTTHU, he sat in a newly built hall, leaning against the column, as well as his spine pain should he have to lie down and told monks next Ananda Dharma teaching (MN 53) .

The warmth is good for her back pain, this may frequently cause the Master bath hot springs while staying at Rajagaha. A prayer (SN 48. 5. 1) scenes of old Buddha Vihara often sit in warm encouragement halterneck evening sunlight during massage attendant Ananda has his emaciated legs have absorbed the table about the decline of the body in old age. Soon, before his passing, masters commented that his body be maintained only by life support interlaced belt (DN 16. 2. 25).

 

HOW YOUR COMMENT Buddha

As mentioned above, the Enlightenment illuminated in the center-ca prince thirty-five-year-old is not just an intellectual activity, but also a change in the way again. Due to Enlightenment, he felt that an extremely deep Enlightened not belong to a class of people on this earth anymore, but rather, he represents a special kind of charming (AN 4. 36) :

"Do with me vocative (former intimate way) as 'sage'," he told fellow ascetics before his day, when he met him after the Enlightenment period, "this is one grade A -la-han, Enlightenment " (Mv 1. 6. 12).

Especially due to extraordinary results Enlightenment, the noble origin, academic excellence and intellectual superiority Vietnam, Buddha sees no reason to fear any one. With the great king and emir in the "Central Highlands", he spoke frankly, nothing conservative, and equal conversation with his Brahmin She wisest of his time. For treatment with the arrogance of some of his Brahmin She had once expressed disdain rudely (DN 3), he adamantly refused to let them see him inferior to them. When one of his responsibilities was not the worship of Ba-la-professional to professional, do not stand up for them or invite them to sit, the Master replied that he did not see anyone in his life deserves to show in such respect (AN 8, 11) . He just wanted to counter the same thing as this, and not mean anything more. He once declared, "An A-la-han not feel more or less anyone else." (AN 6. 49)

Sector comparative religion usually distinguish the founder of the religion of the prophet and mystic .

The oracle is an extrovert too enthusiastic minds obsessed divine experience should try to persuade fellow man obeyed God, and seek to improve the world by God. He created some believers in the promise of happiness and threatening sanctions doomed, and so do not avoid conflict in life, so when he encountered conflict with those in the old tradition, it is usually network suffered violent deaths.

On the other hand, the mysterious departure from the view that the suffering can not be attained in the external world or through the intervention of a god, but it can only be found in the interior - via penetration to the inside of each person. Such wise place to live in harmony with the world. Basic attitude is that the attitude of serenity, inner letting go, peace and liberation.

Buddha represents the mystery form. Since he denies the existence of a self, an Absolute, so his enlightenment experience takes the form of a breakthrough in knowledge, rather than integration into the occult (Unio Mystica). This is the insight that the world with all the suffering ( dukkha ) photography can be recovered, and efforts by each person, we can cut the cycle of birth and death ( Samsara ). His experience of the supernatural, so he reached exalted status in life, is the attainment of liberation by "quenching", cessation, Nibbana.

Anyone who met him felt that this person was in the world, but not of the world any more, and the divine wisdom was that he was not polluted between the phenomenal world always changes.

"This, monks, the Tathagata (ie Buddha himself) was another enlightened and liberated the world from the world. Realization Tathagata was the origin of the world (and the pain) and was released from the world. Tathagata has the realization of the world and make himself realized that cessation. Tathagata has preached realization and the path leading to the cessation of the world. Anyone else in the world ever is (by liberating knowledge) see, hear, feel, form tri, attain, reach for, thinking, all those things are Tathagata realization.'s why this, he is called as Lai ". (AN 4. 23, abridged)

"This, monks, do not dispute with life, conflict with our own lives. Persons Lecture no dispute with anyone between birth.

Whatever it (is) what is the sage rejected, we are also rejected. Whatever it (is) what is the acceptable sage, we also accept ...

Like a blue or white lotus born in water, grows in water (and because their outer membrane) should not contaminate water. Similarly, growth was Tathagata in his life, has moved out of his life and not dwell polluted. " (SN 22. 94, abridged)

It's not a mysterious self-described its characteristics more accurately.

Word of the Buddha insisted that he only recognized the point (is) to be worthy of recognition for sage observed thoroughly. Words based on the firm belief that his Dharma philosophy is not formed by reflection, which is derived from empirical insight and symbolic objective truth. sure he is that anyone can enter Profound knowledge of the world will confirm France's real simple, nothing more.

With such conviction, it's no wonder when you see the other point of view is wrong, Coliseum comment delusions and unsubstantiated judgment (DN 1. 1. 29). The metaphysical problem of the world as permanent or impermanent (DN 1. 2), ego (which he has denied the existence) and there is nothing after death does not exist (DN 1. 2 . 38) and the future will turn out ..., all the problems that you are refuting such useless things. Only one thing necessary knowledge: it is liberating knowledge (DN 1. 3. 30).

Others may have attacked the theory that they considered wrong, and argue with those who hold that view, but the Buddha did not do so, he has the typical attitude of the mysterious "war accept anyone in the world " :

People frequently talk with aversion,
the mind towards truth Some say truth,
to wear for the mean life,
sage Tier net did not care. (snip 780)

The wise see everywhere Meditate
Without prejudice to the life
Tzu born, he eradicated ignorance, chronic,
not clinging to anything, nobody noticed.
doing the worldly mind that
he is not encumbered, do you know?
The not accept, not all doctors,
shake off all prejudices, do not care. (snip 780-7)

The word "is", "view", translated from " ditthi "(Pali) show all the point in his argument is not evidence.

Pali Scripture records many instances as many Buddha that a public debate in favor of the theory, then he immediately sought to bring this subject back to the path to liberation practice. In matters of religion, he is a practical guideline, as he explained to the image monks Mãlunkyaputta example poisoned arrows. Malunkya-putta been thinking a lot about all sorts of issues that metaphysical arguments he made in consultation Buddha. The Master replied:

"Hey Mãlunkyaputta, this question is like the case of a person being shot a poisoned arrow badly. Friendship he invited a doctor, but wounded him and said:" I do not want this because the arrow until we know their names, the Archer family, who was high or low, black, brown, or yellow, where they live, and cord bow out stars, arrows are made ​​of and what kind of any feathers to the arrow. Hey, Mãlunkyaputta, the person may die before finding any answers it. " (MN 63, abridged)

Advice on how to conduct practices and standards as a means of liberating benefits, the Buddha offered to the public in Kesaputta Kalamas tribe, a small town in Kosala. People asked him how to distinguish the fake leg recluse, his Brahmin She said the same contrast. Buddha told them:

"Gentlemen Kalamas, do not believe the legends, traditions, and do not believe in what they say or canonical authority, and not as a metaphysical arguments or deductive way, or enjoy a point of doctrine, or as a virtue admired masters., but rather, when the monks have commented: "The law is immoral, reprehensible, is the critical position and if implementation will lead to misfortune of suffering ", this is the position Kalamas, and you just dismissed them.

... And while the main text comments: "The law is pure heaven is accepted, the sage who praises and if implemented, would lead to benefit and happiness," this is the position Kalamas, and you just accept receive them. " (AN 3. 65, abridged)

The only criteria for evaluating a theory is the effective way it brings release: its value lies in the results it achieves. liberated If its value has been established, then one to comply with it.

Buddha also practical when presenting his discoveries, and he limited the open market in accordance with the ultimate liberation. There are times when you sit near Kosambi under a clump of trees Simsapa, ie tree Asoka ( Saraca indica ) with beautiful blooming blossoms, he held a few fallen leaves in hand and asked:

"- This, monks, what's more, holding in my hand Simsapa leaves or other leaves on the trees?

- Bach The honor, only a few leaves in the hands of world religion, and a lot of leaves on the tree.

- Also, the monks, there are so many things we have discovered, much more than what the market was open. Only a few of us were only open market. And why do not we open the other market? Because we do not have the benefit, not for life with affection does not lead to isolation, detachment, peace, winning position, Enlightenment, Nirvana. " (SN 56.12. 4 , abridged)

While a number of Indian gurus claiming to be able to liberate this world, Gotama the Buddha said that it is only those who "know ear" because of favorable karma based nature, can be liberation. He saw him as the guide path to liberation, but he can not force people to be his only way to go that route.

"Only a small number of disciples was preached, attained finality ultimate Nirvana. Those other guys did not attain finality ... There Nirvana, with base path and Nibbana it is the only way., but the disciples were preaching only a few have attained finality, some are not., I know what is? Ta is the only way. " (MN 107 , abridged)

 

Mentality

* SPECIFICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY: kindness, compassion, Hy, Discharge

Buddha refutes the belief of Police-base-class seat (martial) when he taught that the martial soldiers fallen in battle would suffer an unfortunate rebirth as karma. As the field of anger that the growth of the enemy, a soldier killed in battle may Sarajita reborn in Hell, so he claims (SN 42. 3). Despite the death of the hero games have benefits for the country, it brings a rebirth for the suffering soldiers.

The policy of unconditional peace Buddha clearly manifested in the three shelves of the Dhammapada verse, in which he describes the violent enmity means hatred terminate the field:

"He insulted me, attack me!
It won me, rob me! "
Who's contained inside ideas,
such hatred not quenched.
"It humiliated me, attack me!
It won me , rob me! "
No such ideas contained inside,
such hatred will gradually subsided.
feud between the world
by no means destroy anger,
joy proletariat eliminate hatred,
eternal laws of 's neck. (Dhp 3-5)

When the indigenous religion of the Muslims of India were suppressed in the eleventh century and twelfth thousands of monks have to kill them without resistance. The classic source noted Tibetan self-serving act itself was heroic.

Supreme court is a noble ideal, but cold, it should be kindness ( metta ) supplement. Despite the murderous robbers have cut limbs with a saw monks, the monks were not to give rise to hatred in my heart. Even in such circumstances, and you should also restrain themselves, and said to himself:

"Our mind will not fluctuate, pollution, and we will not let out an evil discourse. They will dwell with compassion, not anger. Having instilled throughout the other with kindness, we will reside in the same state that chronic changes throughout the world ... " (MN 21. 1, abridged).

Buddha filled with compassion toward all the living realm on earth. The occupation created for human or animal suffering, the "evil trade" such as butcher bird trap, catch animals, hunters, fisherman, thieves, executioners, guards (MN 51), he considered and not worth refuting fit right livelihood. Bored him away with animal sacrifice and mercy always feel the grass species, such as when he denied damaging seeds and plants (DN 1. 1).

From the center of the main characteristics of the Buddha nature, physician Jivaka such statement to him in a conversation (MN 55), but the main point is this Buddha tame, does not allow it exceeds a certain limit: You do not let yourself dip into compassion. poise and stability in mind all feelings are the most important thing for him, and has become a part of his nature by practicing the collective body.

Thus, the attacks leveled at him to pull over but he still did not flinch. Even with his rival philosophers also recognized recluse Gotama can not provoked and does not fluctuate. The Ni-Peak lay-mail as noted above, Saccaka Aggivessana, claiming the discussions are terminated (MN 36), that "race remains the venerable Gotama seems clear" , meaning that he not flushed, while the other masters, in times of controversy, often dodging the question by saying distract and anger.

Mind giving or receiving calmly (upekkhà) in collaboration with nimble intelligence embodied in the Buddha way she treats his Brahmin Bharavadja in Rajagaha. Discontent as a family refuge in the Dharma, the Buddha is vilified with words like "stealing food, camels, donkeys ...". Buddha calmly for him to curse, then he asked suddenly, he occasionally invited friends back home do not eat rice. When the answer is yes, he asked her to do if you do not use the dish. The Ba-la-disciplines that will meet the dishes for his part. Buddha said: "That is the same as slander another, we do not get it, so it back to him!" (SN 7. 1. 2).

In talks with the monks at the Jetavana at Savatthi masters describe an order in nature and encouraged his monks to devote equal attention similar file:

"This, monks, if others insult, defamation, harassment Tathagata, the Tathagata does not mind resentment, indignation or resentment ... And if others pay homage, respect, devotion Tathagata, the Tathagata does not mind happy, excited or elated. " (MN 22)

Tens of stories of events recorded in the Pali Canon to confirm the expression of his features as above.

However, there are cases where the Buddha did not simply accept others said, that he came out of the fortified castle and move to the center of the discharge. Such is the case with the protection of dharma against distortions and false interpretations by initiating his disciples. Dharma is one of his great discovery, which is the work and gift of his for the world, he does not accept the presence of the monks distorted teachings accidental or malicious in congregation of him, which is part of the congregation to convey his teachings for future generations. When monks describe sati dharma in the sense that the formula (VIN ñ ana) persist after the dissolution of the body and bring a new life form, so as to create an immortal soul, guru to call he came and asked to see if it is of the opinion that no. When monks sati is to confirm Buddha raised his voice and said:

"This other ignorant (moghapurisa), by whom he had heard that such preaching Dharma? Ignorant Hey there, we have not had much use that method because of origination (and therefore not can persist after death) or what? Hey there ignorant, he does not just distort it so wrong attachment, but also harm your self and make the damage much faith leads to long-term unhappiness! " ( MN 38)

He then continued to ask the monks monks present to confirm that the monks Sati, people fishing, a little light without any knowledge of the Dhamma. We can only pity the poor monks did, according to the texts describing, sat silent, ashamed, anxious, timid shoulders back, speechless.

Arittha monks, former falcon trainer, nor any more progress. The Dhamma is understood in the sense that the action by the Buddha considered legal obstacles never give priority to the suffering. The masters were also blamed the "ignorant" (MN 22). It is noteworthy that in both cases the Scripture mentions lowly origins of the monks was scolded so. Looks like the Buddha would only try those who lack education training by virtue of virtues, would not have the intellectual ability. END=VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY THICH CHAN TANH.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTMENT.WORLD VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST ORDER=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.4/11/2013.NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).