Chapter II

528 BC
and established the Church beginning Dharmadutha

-OOo-

FIRST sermons.

Traditionally, the Enlightened One young life after the first seven days down under the Bodhi root to enjoy the " free communication "(Mv1.1.1). We can recognize this true, because the doctrine is the foundation to many additional features in detail, and has a joyful mood, intimate attachment has probably kept Enlightened linger in the area Such significant point for him. I am less confident in saying that after seven days under the Tree of Enlightenment, he added seven more days to live under some other tree in Uruvela. Under the original David Shepherd ( Ficus Indica ) he explained to a woman of his Brahmin asked him about the true nature of the Ba-la-goal lead, including teaching in a pure moral life and business expertise Vedic (Mv1.2).

More and more mythic event is considered to have occurred in the third week after Enlightenment, mucalinda under the tree ( Barringtonia acutangula ). According Great Products (Mv 1. 3), when a monsoon storm signals emerged, cobra roll live under a tree wrapped around him and covered him from the rain by the extended crested. The origin of this may be that the snake was stormwater overflow into adjacent hole to crawl out before the monk, but not hurt him.

From tree to tree mucalinda Buddha went rajayatana ( Buchanania latifolia ) and also under a tree in her back a week. It was here, two traders and Bhallika Tapussa was traveling from Ukkala (in Orissa?) Is probably to Rajagaha, offered him porridge and honey circuit to "create peace and blessings." He used her food offerings and two other traders 'Enlightened refuge with his teachings " - Dharma that he had not declared at the time - and so became the first lay disciples of He (Mv. 1.4).

Fifth week after enlightenment, he came in again under the shade trees David Shepherd. Perhaps because of the request of Tapussa teaching and Bhallika suggested he consider whether to keep or doctrine expounded his own life as the "true teachings dark clothing, hard to see, hard to understand, based on experimental, wonderful, not by reasoning, subtle, just a location alone comprehend it. "

Pali canon (Mv1.5 and MN 26) record this suspicion in the form of a dialogue with Sahampati Brahma (God of Independence, Ta-her owner). Obviously he wanted to make the conflict between his inner thoughts become easier to understand, should have used pictures of this famous Brahma to present opposing arguments hesitation when he preached. Of course, like most of his contemporaries, still believe in the gods (or she would also have to take rebirth in the natural law of every species). But in his own eyes seen Brahma's a flexible way as the classic statement, perhaps due to the interpretation of the text monks later.

In the " dialogue "here is a shortened next to the main points, the arguments in favor of peace personal life as opposed to selfless reasoning, and the reasoning behind the argument won before .

Buddha said: "This world enjoy sensual pleasures, but the Dhamma (Dhamma) towards our renunciation, detachment, love death. Suppose we preach the Dhamma, or to go against the current, and the life I do not understand, it's hard to feel for our cause. "

Brahma replied: "The world will be destroyed if no decision Enlightened preached. therefore be asked Buddha preached. Having less dust in the eyes, if not heard French, they will sa fall. But if we listen to the French, they will achieve liberation. "

Theory of Brahma evokes compassion of the Buddha for being large and with the call: "The doors are open Immortality for those who want to listen," he agreed preached. Brahmas joyful worship Buddha, walking around with his own body towards the Indian ritual, and disappeared. Thus the angel knows how to hold a ceremony for the Enlightened One.

When you should consider watching the first lecture for the public, think of the Buddha have been the time of his Teacher: Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta. Knowing that they both died, he immediately thought of the five ascetics with his erstwhile, but he knows that time monks are residing in Deer Park (Deer Park) in Isipatana (DOA gods Parish) near Benares (Balaam complaints) or Varanasi. He knew he would text quickly understand the teachings. In the joy of victory for the means of delivery in hand, and decided to dedicate his life to this noble mission, his departure to Benares. If we consider that you have to beg every morning and the midday sun was inconvenient to walk, then I guess he should have at least fourteen days for the 210 km long journey this (as the crow fly).

Between Uruvela and Gaya, shortly after his departure, he met a naked wanderer named Upaka Ajivika certain sect, who advocates extreme fatalism. Beauty radiates inner joy on his face shine makes this the attention and asked who was his guru and his teachings like. Buddha confidently declared he had been freed by love killing, he was the fake field goal, so he does not have Teacher, which is the Master himself . Hearing this, Upaka not impressed and said: "Maybe so, sir sage" and then shook his head turn into another road side. (Mv1.6, MN 26, MN 85). The compiler of the Pali Canon could easily cut this subsection because it does spoil the image of the Buddha. But you made ​​it to do so demonstrates respect for historical truth.

What about the Kondanna, Bhaddiya, Vappa, Mahanama and discontent was seeing Assaji recluse Gotama, the old fellow had left before you, now go back to close at Isipatana Deer Park. Indeed you made ​​it not unanimously not stand up to greet him prostrate. But when he was come near, and you have conquered before a rank of nobility seemed liberated beings are treated everyone makes him very respectfully. Do you take a bowl and his upper, prepared a seat for him, wash his feet and vocative "Sage" ( Avuso ) with his habitual. But the Buddha rejected this form of address:

"This, monks, do not call the Tathagata (Tathagata: Tier such) is" Sage "(as one of you.) This, monks, the Tathagata is the A-la-drought levels, Associate Chief Enlightenment ". (Mv1.6.12, MN 26)

An Enlightened represent a unique class of people, in fact still have identical appearance like people, are also subject to change physical damage (as a result of the money has not now destroyed), but he no longer trapped in the cycle of birth and death. How long will he not attain Nibbana very ultimate residue (of passing), he is still living as a free rank in life, but not being attached inner life, to let go of life. All fetters bound from family to society, he will be cut off.

The statement has discovered the path to the Deathless path of Liberation News, Truth and Enlightenment has attained France ( Dhamma ) of that time he was five ascetics, old fellow, replied with an expression skeptical. Do you ask, how does a person have to pick up ascetic life of affluence could attain truth? The Buddha explained that he did not crave the life of affluence, and to clarify things, he speaks a prayer ( Sutta ) for you, all business reputation Zhuan Falun , the French missionary career start His. Last business presentations France ( Dhamma ) is the Middle Path , and set up systems Four Noble Truths : that is a reasonable basis fully contained sophisticated teaching:

"There are two extremes, the monks, but people should not be made in practice. It's two extremes that? (One hand) immersed in sensual pleasures, inferior, mediocre, inferior, unworthy sages, is not useful. (other hand) dedicated ascetic mortification, causing pain, not worthy saint, and no benefits.

This, monks, the Tathagata was away from the two extremes, and find out the Middle Path is the way we see and know the cause (of the label and the location), the path to peace, winning position, Giac Enlightenment, Nirvana.

1. This, monks, is the Noble Truth of Suffering (dukkha): birth is suffering, aging is suffering, sickness is suffering, death is suffering, grief, lamentation, pain, grief, suffering brain is, what it is not close is suffering, separation from what we love is suffering, the suffering is not, in short, the five aggregates (form a personal real life) is suffering.
2. This, monks, is the Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering (samudaya): It is the desire (tanhà) leads to rebirth, of friendliness and joy involved, find pleasure here and there: it is craving (Kamatanha), Friends charity (bhavatanha) and Africa friendship love (Vibhavatanha).
3. This, monks, is the Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (nirodha) is the rid, complete cessation of craving it, dropped it, terminate it, it's detachment, not grasping it.
4. This, monks, is the Noble Truth of the Path to the Cessation of Suffering (Magga). That's Qingdao branch Eight ie:

Right Understanding (Samma-Ditthi)
Right Thought (Samma-sankappa)
Right Speech (Samma-vaca)
Right Action (Samma-kammanta)
Right Livelihood (Samma-Ajiva)
Right Effort (Samma-Vayama)
Right Mindfulness (Samma-Sati )
Right Concentration (Samma-Samadhi)

(Mv1.6.17, 19, 22 = SN 56. 11. 5-8)

In the utmost respect authors listened to his attention, and as soon as he speaks, has thoroughly Kondanna Venerable Dharma: "what arises under law are subject to the law of decay." (Mv. 1 . 6. 29) Then the Venerable Buddha would immediately recognize the Buddha as a monk and took the proverbial: "At this point, the monks, the Dhamma has been cleverly lecture, to live lives of dignity (pure) to the end of suffering " to get respect as a fake monks ( Bhikkhu ) (Mv 1. 6. 32). Thus religion is false Kondan ñ a first monks in Buddhist history, principles and precepts of false marking the beginning of the Sangha ( Sangha ) exists to this day.

In the Buddhist Asian countries, the feast "Zhuan Falun" is celebrated every year on the full moon day Asalha months (5-6 months) so about two lunar month (56 days) are considered to have passed between the time Buddha Enlightenment Vesakha month and preached at Isipatana time.

Soon the Buddha's teachings have made ​​false religion Bhaddiya Vappa and understand French ( Dhamma ) and is also recognized as two monks. While monks monks (literally mendicant) Kondan ñ a, begging Bhaddiya Vappa and to provide food for the whole group, teaching masters for Venerable Mahanama and Assaji. In a few moments, and you also attain knowledge needed (Enter the store level) and asked to be ordained (Mv1. 6.33-7). Such six monks in the world - Buddha and his disciples years.

A few days after the ordination of five disciples, the Buddha taught the Sermon text of selflessness (Mv1.6.38-46, SN 22:59). It is noteworthy that this article raises a French idea has never been evoked during the French Enlightenment or Isipatana, and this idea is really amazing for a system of spiritual teachings direction: denied the existence of the soul. This indicated that the Buddha has developed aspects of his philosophy in France since the Enlightenment.

Discourse on starting from the recognition that each individual actually consists of five aggregates - only five - ( khandha ) elements, ie, form, feeling, perception, volition ( sankhàra ) and informal. As in India, the self, the soul ( atta or Ātman ) always refers to something permanent, eternal existence after death, there is nothing aggregates eternal permanence should be concluded that no aggregates that may contain both a soul. In a combined aggregates personal integrity have psychological life or spirit, but not a soul in the sense of a permanent entity: the individual self (anatta), no soul.

A second conclusion of arguments supporting the first. The nature of change and decay aggregates that they cause suffering ( dukkha ) and causing suffering, (and satisfying) can not be a soul.

When the monks heard in discourses of the Buddha, your mighty mind free from all defilements ( asava ) leads to rebirth, and so, and you become the Saints ( A-la-han ) ( Mv1.6.47). Vassal knowledge of the sufferings of Dharma then became immense, deep knowledge as the Buddha, in his only other source of knowledge that only. In terms of teaching, the Buddha is defined as the place to find their way out, while a grade A-la-France was liberated by hearing lectures. (SN 22. 58)

The relatively easy attainment of the first year as well as monks and laymen later made many people think that the Scripture reading public house the Buddha's time available towards the more insight we us today. This can also happen, because in the history of the world could see more time spiritual advancement or decline.

Another reason to explain the often stated fact attained A-la-ancient India who still have the conviction that knowledge and attainment is: Anyone who thoroughly understand the Four Noble Truths and the Holy The second problem, anyone aware of the craving ( tanhà ) is the cause of rebirth and suffering, cessation of craving immediately due and that such knowledge is to become an A-la-drought levels. Today we are less optimistic about the performance of that perception.

 

Sarnath, archaeological sites

Sarnath is like a peaceful oasis located adjacent noisy train whistle and bell tinkling in Benares trailers. This bustling city of Hindus only 8km to the tranquil Deer Park (Migadàya) in Isipatana, now called Sarnath ( Sanskrit: Saranganatha: deer ), but here, the landscape looks very different - and order and dignified. Then the end of the asphalt road bordered with lush mango trees and majestic tamarind trees. The campus is surrounded by rocky cliffs, Indian Archaeology Department cared. Among the relics are the lawns dotted with clusters of purple confetti everywhere.

Most prominent temple in Sarnath stupa is 44m high Dhamekh, a round tower, built on a 27m diameter pedestal, built of brick with stone carvings of home decorating, between narrowing up to two thirds bottom diameter. All towers are more sheltered and the extended straight out from a small tower of brick and clay King Asoka (third century BC).

Origin of the word Dhamekh be debated until the discovery of a brick monument sign of new devotees stability issues. The inscription on the tower is named beer Dhamaka ( Skt: dhammacakra ), meaning that it marks where the Buddha preached for the first five monks: Zhuan Falun ( Pali: Dhamma-cakka ). The pilgrims worship the tower, as well as all other towers are built special inside, so not to be, just to walk around on the property, an Indian tradition to express high levels of respect important.

Pass the ruins ancient temples, pilgrims from the Great Tower Dhamekh the main temple in Sarnath, with thick brick walls 2m, 5m. Comment by looks solidly built and French narration Xuanzang, old house about 60m high tower would have. Monuments walls surrounded an area 13 ^m x 13 ^m . This is the hall in which the words of Xuanzang described in the seventh century, was decorated with a metal statue. Perhaps temple appears around the second century and third century (AD) at the old location. Five monks built a hermitage in foil for masters, where he was the rainy season retreat in 528 BCE. The place where this is advantageous meditation for worship visitors from Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand. Often the Tibetan monks bring burgundy y also come out or memorial puja guru with 108 times pay homage and worship Buddha oil lamps.

To the west of the main hall, visitors find a recorded straight pillar edicts of the Great Emperor Asoka (third century BC). Head rock bottom and the top 70cm thick 55cm thick, old 16m high, has broken into pieces because of the devastating consequences of Benares and Sarnath general Qutb-ud-Din in 1194. The first part of this pillar in the local museum, is a renowned antiques, with iconic sculpture of four lions sitting back together exquisitely, as well as lions roar largest among all creatures, wine up from the Buddha is distinguished masters student in France of his time and he spread in every direction.

Earlier pillar of today's lion emblem of the Republic of India, and wheels 24 spokes in the sole presence of the four pillars - the symbol of Buddhism and the rule of justice - today national presence in India.

Imperial edicts inscribed in Brahmi letters on a pillar of fact exist seem incompatible with the dignity of the sanctuary. 's Edict warning Sangha and nuns precaution division ordered the church to those who cause discord must wear white royal medical care instead of leaving the Church and to the Church. Lay disciples to obey the law on the date younger men (the Bodhisattva: uposatha ) ie the first day, eighth (new moon), full moon day and full moon day in the middle half of the twenty-three months later (23) .

For example, not to mention the outstanding events in Isipatana first sermon, so it was concluded that the Sarnath pillar was brought from somewhere. Content in accordance with the edict of the past it has been brought from Kosambi.

Way south of the temple and the Ashoka pillar several meters, visitors see a high platform round. This is the Dharmarajika Stupa, old 30m high with a stone balustrade. This stupa built by Asoka, now only a few surviving brick layer. Jagat Singh was the other part, the spirit of Chet Singh in Benares emirate to take bricks destroyed in 1794. While cut down the tower, they found a round stone bottle at approximately 9m below the top of the tower, a box containing the relics of marble, holding a box of ashes relics which King Asoka Buddhist procession from the place of cremation primary purpose is to Sarnath where Buddha Profile Zhuan Falun and founded the Sangha also enjoy relics. But courtiers Jagat Singh to resolve the relics Hindu style: He commanded to scatter the ashes in the Ganges ceremony.

However, the destruction of Dharma-rajika Stupa and Buddhist relics discovered there also favorable. The Stupa narrative of British expatriates has led local public concern led to the Sarnath archaeological investigation here.

CHURCH DEVELOPMENT

From the Isipatana Deer Park (Sarnath today), like the Buddha visited the city at Benares. In addition to long distance walking an hour and a half, was to cross the river Varuna, (now Barna) and had to travel by ferry is paid which is not a mendicant store! Benares most people who fight against the gang should beggar hard earned alms food there.

However, contact with Benares has been set for the Buddha without you having to do anything. That is because the youth Yasa (Da-residence), son of a rich merchant pride, a union president in Benares, perhaps all treasury or silk merchant wholesalers. Yasa is a youth indulge too satisfied with all aspects of life orgiastic make his inner emptiness. Pali canon (Mv1.7) mentions in his house three seasonal, wedding dancers surrounded him, but he remains indifferent indifferent, and sometimes comedy gold - may be embroidered with gold - which brought his childhood there.

So he Yasa boring family life full of luxury, with disgruntled mood, the other an early morning visit at Isipatana Deer Park, the Buddha and bowed respectfully he sat down some way. Buddha looks bored recognize secular life in this young, he preached to a French guy "upon things." This method of teaching proves his talent, his first application for Yasa, including the first presentation of the issues understandable as generosity, morality, God and the world of sensual disadvantage.

If the player has the ability to add life Catholic, he will continue to preach the Four Noble Truths, which is the truth of suffering, pain episodes, pain killing and the way to end suffering. This pedagogical approach proves effective immediately for Yasa. He obtained the " glass ceiling structure very French label "means that "anything that arises under the law are subject to the law of decay." (Mv1.7.6)

Meanwhile, my mother was worried about him Yasa her son should ask her husband to find me. So his father went to Deer Park and asked the Buddha to his son. Rather than respond directly, the Buddha told him to sit down, and also preached "upon all things French" has proven his success with his Yasa. But because his father Yasa should not be too worried more religious life, he only preached to him in the first part is easy to understand the Dhamma. Immediately his father Yasa refuge in Buddha, Dharma and Sangha, and is claimed to reach the laymen ( Upasaka ). Thus, after Tapussa and Bhallika, he is third laymen's Buddhist Church, although he was the first to be taught with methods Tam The Buddha, Dharma and Sangha still exists to this day.

Finally, the new Yasa's father noticed his son was sitting in congregations around the Buddha, and he begged his mother back home for the elderly are afflicted him. But he seems Yasa looked Buddha to pray earnestly that he was sure that a contempt of life as the world can not continue Yasa old life again.

Yasa's father had accepted his reasoning, but he invited the Buddha to life the next day to have the most Yasa. Buddha quietly accepted, that's the way to express common consent in Buddhism - perhaps accompanied by a sign still prevalent to accept this, is painted with a horizontal figure 8 chin.

Shortly after his father left, young man Yasa please ordained monks. Buddha received his request and was soon elected Holy Monks Yasa A-la-han, "Now there are seven A-la-world". (Mv1.7)

Despite this encouraging moral nature, there is also a legend of his time moving. Not only is it clearly stated desire earnestly spiritual invade the soul of India in the sixth century BC led to a multitude of people to flee their homes to farm adventure on amorphous mendicant life, it also I feel the pain that parents, sometimes their wives and children again, to endure the sight of the separation, her husband, their father.

The lunch offerings that Yasa's father invited him Buddha, Teacher of his son and the whole again, place the next morning. "fake monks to survive the most Yasa ', leaving the masters Venerable his parents home, and my mother and "the gentle side" of false religion welcomed. After this her life two teachers upon all things French with full details of the Buddha, her second consecutive refuge in the Three Jewels, so women became the first lay disciples, the access of women ( Upasika ) of Buddha. Then, together with the Venerable father, her two monks serve throughout the real life (Mv1.8)

The Venerable Yasa a monk has caused major hit. A teaching event inward urging a bored young man left to enjoy life full of pleasures to become a mendicant monk is eloquent evidence for his friends that this doctrine must have made extraordinary them, that's four more people in the crowd also follow him: Vimala, Subahu, Punnaji and Gavampati, as well as all Venerable Yasa, are the son of the merchant caste Ve-residence, has been recognized as Pi Monks in the words of the Venerable nomination, and then will become A-la-han (Mv1.9)

Soon, 50 more fake friendship of respect from the neighborhood also joined the congregation Benares and have attained A-la-drought. Thus, the word A-la-drought grew to 61 people (Mv1.10). END=VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY THICH CHAN TANH.WORLD VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST ORDER=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.4/11/2013.NAM MO SAKYAMUNI BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).